the oocyte released during ovulation is in which phase

Steril. Regulation of histone acetylation during meiotic maturation in mouse oocytes. But, even though it's increasing in cell number, the overall size of the fertilized egg stays the same. doi: 10.1016/j.gde.2011.03.003, Wang, F., Tian, X., Zhang, L., He, C., Ji, P., Li, Y., et al. Relationship between mitochondrial DNA copy number and SIRT1 expression in porcine oocytes. Annu. An error occurred trying to load this video. This suggests that protein O-glycosylation does not affect oocyte maturation, but it affects the quality of oocytes. Commun. Cell Sci. 77, 21812197. Follicular release occurs around 14 days prior to menstruation in a cyclic pattern if the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis function is well regulated. Cellular, biochemical and molecular mechanisms regulating oocyte maturation. (2001). CNP/NPR2 signaling maintains oocyte meiotic arrest in early antral follicles and is suppressed by EGFR-mediated signaling in preovulatory follicles. HDAC3 maintains oocyte meiosis arrest by repressing amphiregulin expression before the LH surge. UBE2I primarily expresses in the nucleoplasm of mouse growing oocytes at least from postnatal day 13 to GV-stage fully grown oocytes. J. Reprod. doi: 10.1128/mcb.01919-06, Hsieh, M., Thao, K., and Conti, M. (2011). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Cell Endocrinol. (2017). Development 133, 14231432. WEE1 inactivates while CDC25 activates CDK1 through phosphorylates or dephosphorylates the Thr14 and Tyr15 residues of CDK1, respectively (Chen et al., 2001; Adhikari et al., 2016; Jaffe and Egbert, 2017). This is where it all begins - where the female's egg begins its trip through the female reproductive tract. Biol. Cell Physiol. (2014). (2009). Hum. EGF-like growth factors as mediators of LH action in the ovulatory follicle. Biochem. doi: 10.1083/jcb.78.1.58, Glaser, S., Schaft, J., Lubitz, S., Vintersten, K., van der Hoeven, F., Tufteland, K. R., et al. Gap junctions in the ovary: expression, localization and function. Update 4, 223236. doi: 10.1083/jcb.71.2.680, Andreu-Vieyra, C. V., Chen, R., Agno, J. E., Glaser, S., Anastassiadis, K., Stewart, A. F., et al. As to protein synthesis, although a large amount of maternal mRNA exists in fully grown oocytes at the GV stage, they are translationally dormant in mice until meiotic maturation (Piccioni et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2011, 2013). In line with this speculation, we have proved that the expression of the NPPC/NPR2 system in ovarian granulosa cells is up regulated by sex hormones, such as androgen and estrogen through respective hormone receptors (AR and ER) in physiological conditions, in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in mice ovaries, and in in vitro cultured granulosa cell lines (Liu et al., 2017; Reis and Honorato-Sampaio, 2018; Wang et al., 2018). Protein Sci. doi: 10.1038/cr.2016.119, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Adhikari, D., and Liu, K. (2014). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The follicular release follows the Follicular phase (i.e. Endocrinology 143, 22212232. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1216904109, Su, Y. Q., Wigglesworth, K., Pendola, F. L., OBrien, M. J., and Eppig, J. J. Careers. Reproduction 130, 791799. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod56.1.59, Jelinkova, L., and Kubelka, M. (2006). Semin. 69, 12791288. Dev. Nucleic Acids Res. 42, 5062. This study was supported by grants from the National Key Research & Developmental Program of China (2018YFC1003701 and 2018YFC1003801); the National Basic Research Program of China (2013CB945501); the Institution of Higher Education Projects of Building First-Class Discipline Construction in Ningxia Region (Biology) (NXYLXK2017B05); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31872792, 32071132, and 32070839); and the Project of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology (2015SKLAB4-1). doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.028134, Ihara, M., Stein, P., and Schultz, R. M. (2008). FASEB J. Nat. Reprod. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.10.041, Wang, H., Cai, H., Wang, X., Zhang, M., Liu, B., Chen, Z., et al. Characterization of the post-translational modification of recombinant human BMP-15 mature protein. cGMP production in CGCs relies on the coordination of MGCs-secreted NPPC conjugating with its receptor, guanylyl cyclase NPR2 which is found on the membrane of CGCs. Cell Physiol. Dynamic alterations of specific histone modifications during early murine development. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Cell. B., Uliasz, T. F., Dickey, D. M., Yee, S.-P., et al. Cell Cycle 19, 354362. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.06.015, Wilkinson, K. D. (2009). doi: 10.1530/REP-18-0560, Vivarelli, E., Conti, M., De Felici, M., and Siracusa, G. (1983). doi: 10.1093/biolre/ioz143, Li, R., and Albertini, D. F. (2013). (2020a). 12, R563R565. This elevation is communicated to the hypothalamus and contributes to the increase in GnRH pulse frequency eventually stimulating the LH surge that eventually induces the follicular rupture and release from the corpus luteum and luteinization of the granulosa cells enabling the synthesis of progesterone in place of estrogen. In the oocyte, reduced cAMP levels activates the activity of MPF, which in turn phosphorylates proteins including APC and initiates GVBD and chromosome segregation (Adhikari and Liu, 2014). Sci. Come one, come all. (2015). The lateral ovarian pole is anchored to the pelvic sidewall by the infundibulopelvic ligament (i.e. Biol. 187, 383386. J Dairy Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.09.008, Sui, L., Huang, R., Yu, H., Zhang, S., and Li, Z. Reprod. Ovaries lacking Cx43 do not proceed beyond the primary follicle stage. This number decreases naturally with age. Welschen R, Osman P, Dullaart J, de Greef WJ, Uilenbroek JT, de Jong FH. J. Biol. Consistently, applying NPPC in cultured COCs contributes to preventing spontaneous oocyte maturation by increasing the cGMP levels in the CGCs (Zhang et al., 2010). 7, R340R344. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003377, Machaca, K. (2007). Deubiquitinating enzymes in oocyte maturation, fertilization and preimplantation embryo development, in Posttranslational Protein Modifications in the Reproductive System. After GVBD, it starts to accumulate around the chromosomes, and shows a spindle pole-like localization pattern in both MI and MII. Oocyte-expressed yes-associated protein is a key activator of the early zygotic genome in mouse. Cell Dev. Rev. the luteal phase. In addition, ER is responsible for the storage and release of free Ca2+ in the cytoplasm in oocytes, which is important for calcium reaction at fertilization (Bootman et al., 2002; FitzHarris et al., 2007; Machaca, 2007). 28, 16881701. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcibr0904558, Dekel, N., Lawrence, T. S., Gilula, N. B., and Beers, W. H. (1981). Deubiquitinating enzymes as cellular regulators. Dev. Finishing this lesson should enable you to: 20 chapters | doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.07.027, Akiyama, T., Kim, J. M., Nagata, M., and Aoki, F. (2004). Nonsupplemented luteal phase characteristics after the administration of recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin, recombinant luteinizing hormone, or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist to induce final oocyte maturation in in vitro fertilization patients after ovarian stimulation with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone and GnRH antagonist cotreatment. Since the cytoskeleton is mainly composed of microtubules and filaments and the recombination of spindles is strictly controlled by the microfilament network (Verlhac et al., 2000), anything that disrupts either microtubules or microfilament causes failure of chromosome movement and separation, in which case, the oocyte is arrested at the metaphase stage. Biol. Anticancer activities of histone deacetylase inhibitors. (2019). Physiol. -, Tsutsumi R, Webster NJ. 274, 2554325549. The starting point of the MZT is oocyte activation from meiotic arrest rather than fertilization (Sha et al., 2019). (2008). Proc. Reprod. doi: 10.1101/gad.1404206, Nicholson, S. M., and Bruzzone, R. (1997). 1975 Jan;64(1):37-47. doi: 10.1677/joe.0.0640037. 319, 110120. Cell. Histone acetyl transferases, including MYST, GCNA5/PCAF, and p300/CREB-binding protein (CBP), regulate the acetylation of histones as well (Gu et al., 2010). Securin regulates entry into M-phase by modulating the stability of cyclin B. Nat. Genes Dev. Estrogen is produced by the granulosa cells of the developing follicle and exerts negative feedback on LH production in the early part of the menstrual cycle. Cell Endocrinol. Their function is now to produce Progesterone, which is the hormone responsible for maintaining the uterine environment that can accept a fertilized embryo. Genetic dissection of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling during luteinizing hormone-induced oocyte maturation. doi: 10.1242/dev.02302, Goto, H., Tomono, Y., Ajiro, K., Kosako, H., Fujita, M., Sakurai, M., et al. doi: 10.1038/ncb2873, Chen, M. S., Hurov, J., White, L. S., Woodford-Thomas, T., and Piwnica-Worms, H. (2001). The function of class IIa HDACs in oocyte maturation has not been well studied. As a result, the follicle may mature faster than the egg inside and release it too soon. How does EGF signaling regulate meiosis resumption response to LH surge? Meiotic resumption and intracellular cAMP levels in mouse oocytes treated with compounds which act on cAMP metabolism. doi: 10.1016/s0962-8924(98)01372-5, Sirard, M. A. Annu. doi: 10.1096/fj.13-244111, Zhang, M., Ouyang, H., and Xia, G. (2009). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021574, Huletsky, A., Niedergang, C., Frchette, A., Aubin, R., Gaudreau, A., and Poirier, G. G. (1985). Sci. In addition, calcium signaling is involved in gonadotropin-induced oocyte maturation in many species (Veldhuis, 1987; Su et al., 1999; Zhang et al., 2007, 2009; Conti et al., 2012). Proper chromatin condensation and maintenance of histone H3 phosphorylation during mouse oocyte meiosis requires protein phosphatase activity. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is a gonadotropin synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to high-frequency GnRH release. Sci. Biol. 79, 906913. Sirtuins in gamete biology and reproductive physiology: emerging roles and therapeutic potential in female and male infertility. 234, 3745. Overexpression of HDAC3 in old oocytes not only partially prevents spindle/chromosome disorganization, but significantly lowers the incidence of aneuploidy (He et al., 2019). (2003). doi: 10.1093/biolre/ioz012, Sha, Q. Q., Zhang, J., and Fan, H. Y. MAPK3/1 (ERK1/2) in ovarian granulosa cells are essential for female fertility. Mol. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020696, Bolden, J. E., Peart, M. J., and Johnstone, R. W. (2006). Eur. Selective degradation of transcripts during meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes. 90, 12691271. (2015). 95, 34013409. Reprod. 280, 4172541731. Curr. Taken together, HATs have essential roles in mouse follicle development and oocyte maturation, and the potential functions of HATs in oocytes maturation needs more exploration. The major cellular and molecular affairs, especially the epigenetic modification events related to oocyte maturation in response to hormone induction, and the major advances in this field, are highlighted in this review. doi: 10.1126/science.1193573, Zhang, M., and Xia, G. (2012). Septin2 is modified by SUMOylation and required for chromosome congression in mouse oocytes. RAB7 GTPase regulates actin dynamics for DRP1-mediated mitochondria function and spindle migration in mouse oocyte meiosis. Meiotic arrest of oocytes depends on cell-to-cell communication in the ovarian follicle. In which phase of division an oocyte is released from the ovary during ovulation? PLoS Biol. Cell Death Dis. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126194, Rodriguez, A., Briley, S. M., Patton, B. K., Tripurani, S. K., Rajapakshe, K., Coarfa, C., et al. (2011). 2019 Apr;102(4):3754-3765. Oncotarget 8, 2009220102. P. Sutovsky (New York, NY: Springer New York), 5787. HDAC11 is the only member of class IV, which is homologous to both classes I and II (Gao et al., 2002). Therefore, uncovering the regulatory network of oocyte meiosis progression illuminates not only how the foundations of mammalian reproduction are laid, but how mis-regulation of these steps result in infertility. (2007). Figure 2. Mechanisms contributing to the reduced developmental competence of glucosamine-exposed mouse oocytes. And the oocytes as well as zygotes display perturbed cytoplasmic organelles and aggregated lipid droplets (Brici et al., 2017). dominant follicle development) and precedes the Luteal phase (i.e. doi: 10.1110/ps.073232608, Sankar, A., Lerdrup, M., Manaf, A., Johansen, J. V., Gonzalez, J. M., Borup, R., et al. Schematic model depicting the mechanisms of meiotic arrest. Dev. doi: 10.1016/j.modgep.2007.03.005, Thomas, T., and Voss, A. K. (2007). doi: 10.1101/gad.296871.117, Yin, S., Jiang, X., Jiang, H., Gao, Q., Wang, F., Fan, S., et al. cAMP in oocytes plays a central role in the regulation of meiosis arrest (Zhang et al., 2009). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a tropic peptide hormone made and secreted by the hypothalamus. Jukic AMZ, Wilcox AJ, McConnaughey DR, Weinberg CR, Steiner AZ. Biol. Cell 97, 99109. Resveratrol protects against age-associated infertility in mice. University of Science and Technology of China, China. Tissue specificity of histone phosphorylation. Update 21, 427454. 57, 7985. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.37.26091, Cheng, F., Lienlaf, M., Perez-Villarroel, P., Wang, H.-W., Lee, C., Woan, K., et al. Granulosa cell ligand NPPC and its receptor NPR2 maintain meiotic arrest in mouse oocytes. Reprod. B., Van Helden, D. A., Robinson, J. W., Uliasz, T. F., et al. The egg moves down the pathway towards fertilization, searching out the most eligible sperm for the job. For instances, overexpression of the SUMO-specific isopeptidase, sentrin/SUMO-specific protease 2 (SENP2), leads to defects in MII spindle organization by changing the localization of SUMO-modified proteins in oocytes (Wang et al., 2010). Therefore, one of the key points to initiate oocyte meiosis depends on when to activate CDK1. | 19 doi: 10.1073/pnas.51.5.786, Anderson, E., and Albertini, D. F. (1976). Following fertilization, cortical granules undergo exocytosis to release their contents into the perivitelline space, which result in the blocking of polyspermy by modifying the oocytes extracellular matrices, such as the zona pellucida in mammals (Coticchio et al., 2015). Reproduction 133, 8594. Sci. Impaired oocyte quality, including meiosis chromosome separation, maturation, and fertilization failure, correlates with both abnormal mitochondrial rearrangement and low ATP level (Blerkom, 2004; Dumollard et al., 2006). UExcel Basic Genetics: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Physical Geology: Help and Review, CSET Foundational-Level General Science (215) Prep, FTCE Middle Grades General Science 5-9 (004) Prep, Human Anatomy & Physiology: Help and Review, UExcel Microbiology: Study Guide & Test Prep, High School Biology: Homework Help Resource, UExcel Pathophysiology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Create an account to start this course today. Cleveland Clinics Ob/Gyn & Womens Health Institute is committed to providing world-class care for women of all ages. Biol. There are six known histone H3 methyltransferases, including SET domain containing 1A/B (SETD1A/B), lysine (K) methyltransferase 2A/B (KMT2A/B), and KMT3/4 in mammals (Shilatifard, 2012). The alpha subunit is common to all glycoproteins including TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) and HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin hormone). Rep. 5:15366. doi: 10.1038/srep15366, Han, S. J., Chen, R., Paronetto, M. P., and Conti, M. (2005). Having a long follicular phase doesnt mean youre less likely to become pregnant. 409, 194201. J. Biol. doi: 10.1242/dev.098152, Blerkom, J. V. (2004). Normal female fertility relies on proper development of the oocyte. It is also a common thought that the right and left ovaries alternate follicular releases each month. Copyright 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC. doi: 10.1128/mcb.22.7.2170-2181.2002, Bledau, A. S., Schmidt, K., Neumann, K., Hill, U., Ciotta, G., Gupta, A., et al. Reprod. You can have a long follicular phase for a variety of reasons: A short follicular phase could indicate that you may have trouble becoming pregnant. This transition enables granulosa cells to respond to LH levels and produce Progesterone. Cell Mol. Identification of a novel phosphorylation site on histone H3 coupled with mitotic chromosome condensation. 15, 16701676. The oocyte pool is the primary determinant of reproductive lifespan. The release of a secondary oocyte from the ovaries is called ovulation. The levels of NPPC/NPR2, as well as the activity of NPR2, are either completely decreased or inhibited in mouse and human ovaries after the activation of LH receptors, which occurs sufficiently earlier than GVBD. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.40.28528, Chattopadhyay, A., Vecchi, M., Ji, Q., Mernaugh, R., and Carpenter, G. (1999). Science 324, 938941. The secondary follicle begins Meiosis II, but this phase will not be completed unless that follicle is fertilized. (2017). Bookshelf Trends Biochem. The endocrinology of the menstrual cycle. In mice, Cx43 is mainly expressed in gap junctions between GCs and is regulated by extracellular signal regulated kinase-1 and -2 (ERK1/ERK2) signals in response to LH surge in vivo (Su et al., 2002; Sela-Abramovich et al., 2005; Dekel, 2009). Mol. Loss of KMT2B in mouse oocytes induced by GDF9-Cre resulted in abnormal meiosis maturation, anovulation, oocyte death, and female sterility, in which H3K4 level decreased and gene expression was abnormal (Andreu-Vieyra et al., 2010; Hanna et al., 2018). Mol. In Cx37-knockout mice, folliculogenesis is arrested at the early antral stage and this disruption results in sterility because mutant oocytes grow slowly and cannot survive (Carabatsos et al., 2000). HDAC3 in GCs is recruited by transcription factors, such as FOXO1, to the AREG promoter to suppress the expression of AREG. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Science 157, 13241325. doi: 10.4161/cc.9.8.11463, Keywords: ovary, oocyte, meiosis arrest, meiosis resumption, oocyte maturation, Citation: He M, Zhang T, Yang Y and Wang C (2021) Mechanisms of Oocyte Maturation and Related Epigenetic Regulation. 16, 654664. Low levels of cAMP and PKA can no longer activate WEE1B and inactivate CDC25B, and CDK1 becomes dephosphorylated and catalytically active. 62, 665675. Cell Cycle 9, 26402646. HDAC3 also plays important roles in GCs. 9:654028. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654028. The protein is mainly located in the nucleus throughout the growth phase, but upon GVBD, the staining intensity decreases and the signal becomes uniformly dispersed throughout the oocyte. In follicular granulosa cells, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) was involved in regulating the deposition of the extracellular matrix of cumulus and steroidal formation during the expansion of cumulus cells, implying that this system may be pivotal for follicle development (Nagyova et al., 2012). Your menstrual cycle consists of two phases: the follicular phase and the luteal phase. Hum. Disruption in the hormonal communication between the gonadotropin-releasing hormones, gonadotropic hormones, and their receptors can lead to anovulation or amenorrhea leading to various pathologic sequelae as a consequence. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.02.006, Freudzon, L. (2005). SIRT1 signalling protects mouse oocytes against oxidative stress and is deregulated during aging. Acad. (2016). Adhikari, D., Busayavalasa, K., Zhang, J., Hu, M., Risal, S., Bayazit, M. B., et al. Studies using inhibitors and gene deletion mouse models have identified that EGFs mediate LH action through EGFR (Park et al., 2004; Ashkenazi et al., 2005; Hsieh et al., 2007). FSH Receptors are G-protein coupled receptors and are found in the Granulosa cells that surround developing ovarian follicles. Generally, cGMP is produced from GTP by guanylyl cyclases in mural granulosa cells (MGCs) and cumulus granulosa cells (CGCs) and is transported to oocytes. Menstrual Cycle). 27, 19141924. It's the race of a lifetime, the race to be the first sperm to reach the egg, the one to cross the finish line first and fertilize the egg! The luteal phase lasts about 14 days. dominant follicle development) and precedes the Luteal phase (i.e. Received: 15 January 2021; Accepted: 25 February 2021;Published: 19 March 2021. doi: 10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00753-3, Vigneron, C., Perreau, C., Dupont, J., Uzbekova, S., Prigent, C., and Mermillod, P. (2004). Besides, the reduced cGMP level in oocytes releases PDE3A from the inhibitory state. Natl. Role of HDAC in oocyte development and maturation. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.11.001, Xu, D., Bai, J., Duan, Q., Costa, M., and Dai, W. (2009). Development 136, 18691878. 1 The fully mature ovum is visible to the human eye, measuring 0.1 mm. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deu160, Dumollard, R., Duchen, M., and Sardet, C. (2006). Besides, SIRT3 regulates the ROS level in oocytes. HDACs, histone deacetylation and gene transcription: from molecular biology to cancer therapeutics. Reprod. Estrogen also has many other effects that are important for bone health and cardiovascular health in premenopausal patients, which will be discussed in another article. Biol. 19, 321329. Starting in your late 30s, your FSH levels may still increase during your follicular phase, but your LH levels may not spike as they did previously. The end of your follicular phase is a particularly fertile period, when your odds of getting pregnant increase if you have sex. 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Deletion of KDM4A during oogenesis had no significant impact on ovulation since KDM4A/ and wild-type females ovulated similar numbers of fertilizable oocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019;10:15. Biol. doi: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-051710-134100, Shuhaibar, L. C., Egbert, J. R., Edmund, A. Mice oocytes lacking AC3 expression fail to maintain meiosis arrest (Horner et al., 2003). Calcium signals and mitochondria at fertilisation. This website helped me pass! Importantly, the closure of GJs between MGCs and CGCs and between CGCs and oocytes are targets of LH signaling (Anderson and Albertini, 1976; Gilula et al., 1978). Different epidermal-like growth factors, such as amphiregulin (AREG), epiregulin (EREG), and beta-cellulin (BTC) are expressed in MGCs and CGCs in autocrine and paracrine manners through respective EGF receptors (EGFRs) (Tsafriri et al., 2005; Conti et al., 2006; Hsieh et al., 2007). PKA balances the activities of WEE1B/MYT1 kinase and CDC25 phosphatase, and thus regulates the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1). Ovulation The empty follicle becomes a corpus luteum, which secretes estradiol and progesterone. Genes Dev. PLoS Genet. Dev. In addition, inhibition of HDAC6 in GV oocytes prevents PB1 extrusion later because of disrupted maturational progression and meiotic apparatus assembly (Zhou et al., 2017; Sui et al., 2020a). PLU-1/JARID1B/KDM5B is required for embryonic survival and contributes to cell proliferation in the mammary gland and in ER+ breast cancer cells. However, it remains unclear how LH and FSH specifically regulate the expression of AR, ER, and TGF-. Commun. doi: 10.1093/jb/mvg107, Kiyama, R., and Wada-Kiyama, Y. Biol. (2020). Physiol. Cell 43, 57. Dev. doi: 10.1038/ncb1707, McGraw, S., Morin, G., Vigneault, C., Leclerc, P., and Sirard, M. A. Involvement of PKC in FSH-induced connexin43 phosphorylation and oocyte maturation in mouse. Biol. Cell Biol. 185:109476. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109476, Susor, A., Liskova, L., Toralova, T., Pavlok, A., Pivonkova, K., Karabinova, P., et al. Ovulation is the third phase within the larger Uterine Cycle (i.e. doi: 10.4161/cc.6.6.4013, Trnell, J., Billig, H., and Hillensj, T. (1990). Cell Biol. Cell Biol. If a fertilized egg implants, the corpus luteum secretes progesterone in early pregnancy until the placenta develops and takes over progesterone production for the remainder of the pregnancy. This article aims to review the events and development around the quality control of mammalian oocyte meiotic maturation in nuclear and cytoplasm aspects, of which, the underlying molecular mechanisms are discussed to provide detailed information for better understanding of meiosis. Dephosphorylation of juxtamembrane serines and threonines of the NPR2 guanylyl cyclase is required for rapid resumption of oocyte meiosis in response to luteinizing hormone.
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