how to calculate antioxidant activity by dpph

As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Otunola G.A., Afolayan A.J., Ajayi E.O., Odeyemi S.W. In addition to plant extract, bacterial strains are also used for AgNPs biosynthesis. The ABTS scavenging activity proceeded in the range of 3.9812.28%, for DPPH it was 26.3046.53%, and for NOx the values were 4.3012.94%. Synthesis of silver nanocrystallites by a new thermal decomposition method and their characterization. Biosynthesis, purification and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Escherichia coli. Authors usually compare the antioxidant capacity of extract with that of prepared silver nanoparticles. 2023 Apr 11;9(4):e15444. Received 2020 Jun 16; Accepted 2020 Jul 12. This approach is becoming more popular because of the environmental and economic reasons. In view of the mentioned fact, the AgNPs are studied as antibacterial agents to inhibit resistant strains by multiple mechanisms of action, involving induction of oxidative stress, inhibition of DNA replication, or interaction with enzymes and proteins [5,6]. Because of this, metallic nanoparticles (NPs) have interesting attributes such as intensive color which can be detected in visible region of spectra [76]. 2008 Jul;28(7):1578-82. The potential difference (E) between the electrodes is controlled and the measurement depends on the reaction of the analyzed sample with redox couple [42,65]. The FC (Folin-Ciocalteau) assay was initially developed for proteins analysis [56], but later this method was extended by Singleton [57] for the analysis of total phenolic compounds in wine. Mittal A.K., Bhaumik J., Kumar S., Banerjee U.C. The higher degree of hydroxylation in chemical structures of phenolic compounds demonstrated the higher radical scavenging capacity and higher tendency to reduce Ag+ to AgNPs [161]. Ferric reducing power of AgNPs was lower than that of ascorbic acid standard and was higher at lower concentrations of AgNPs. In addition, an excessive amount of reactive nitrogen species is formed during the oxidative stress. The action of ROS and RNS leads to an oxidation of double bond of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipids (lipoproteins, membrane structures) and formation of aldehydes or peroxides and a result of these processes is changing the membrane permeability [20,21]. Chen S.-F., Zhang H. Aggregation kinetics of nanosilver in different water conditions. Comparison of the simple cyclic voltammetry (CV) and DPPH assays for the determination of antioxidant capacity of active principles. open access Abstract Free radicals are reactive molecules involved in many physiological processes and have been associated with many diseases, such as cancer, arthritis and liver injury. From the Table 3 it is also clear that the most commonly used method of AgNPs antioxidant capacity determination is DPPH assay. Bal M., Bedloviov Z., Kovov M., Balov ., Salayov A. Gardea-Torresdey J.L., Gomez E., Peralta-Videa J.R., Parsons J.G., Troiani H., Jose-Yacaman M. Alfalfa sprouts: A natural source for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Jiang H., Manolache S., Wong A.C.L., Denes F.S. Spickett C.M., Wiswedel I., Siems W., Zarkovic K., Zarkovic N. Advances in methods for the determination of biologically relevant lipid peroxidation products. Paste experimental data into the box on the right. Ijayan R., Joseph S., Mathew B. Indigofera tinctoria leaf extract mediated green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles and assessment of their anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant and catalytic properties. Antioxidants represent a form of opposition to oxidants. Influence of synthetic parameters on the size, structure, and stability of dodecanethiol-stabilized silver nanoparticles. Essential oil mediated synthesis of silver nanocrystals for environmental, anti-microbial and antioxidant applications. Saratale R.G., Benelli G., Kumar G., Kim D.S., Saratale G.D. Bio-fabrication of silver nanoparticles using the leaf extract of an ancient herbal medicine, dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), evaluation of their antioxidant, anticancer potential, and antimicrobial activity against phytopathogens. Biamperometry uses two identical polarized platinum electrodes with high sensitivity [42,65,68]. DNA is damaged by deoxyribose ring cleavage, base modification or chain breaks leading to mutations, translation errors or inhibition of proteosynthesis [23]. The DPPH radical after reaction gives the reduced form DPPH (hydrazine form), which results in the color change from purple to pale yellow. Voetsch B., Jin R.C., Loscalzo J. Nitric oxide insufficiency and atherothrombosis. antioxidant. Solid silver particle production by spray pyrolysis. Antioxidants are natural or synthetic substances that may prevent or delay damage of cell caused by oxidants (ROS, RNS, free radicals, other unstable molecules) [12]. Apak R., zyrek M., Gl K., apanolu E. Antioxidant activity/capacity measurement. The present phytochemicals (flavonoids) and silver ions could serve as antioxidants through single electron and hydrogen atom transfer [127]. Gurav A.S., Kodas T.T., Wang L.-M., Kauppinen E.I., Joutsensaari J. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging abilities were dose-dependent, which means that increasing scavenging activities against both radicals with the increasing concentration of AgNPs were observed (for DPPH and ABTS the antioxidant activity was in the range 62.282.4% and 64.596.8%, respectively). When AgNPs are synthesized, the phenomenon of surface-plasmon resonance (SPR) is evident [74,75]. Some microorganisms are resistant to metal, so they can survive and grow during the production of NPs, so there is no barrier to use bacteria for AgNPs synthesis [118,119,120]. NO is able to rapidly react with reactive oxygen species (mainly with superoxide anion radical) and produce further reactive nitrogen compounds, for example peroxynitrite or peroxynitrous acid which can be further transformed to NO2 or OH (Figure 1). Saravanakumar K., Wang M. Microbial Pathogenesis Trichoderma based synthesis of anti-pathogenic silver nanoparticles and their characterization, antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties. Generally, there are three methods for AgNPs synthesisbiological, physical, and chemical. THG-LS1. (for DPPH and ABTS the antioxidant activity was in the range 62.2-82.4% and 64.5-96.8% . Antioxidants are nutrients (vitamins and minerals) as well as enzymes (proteins in your body that assist in chemical reactions). Al-Harazie AG, Gomaa EA, Zaky RR, Abd El-Hady MN. The analyte flows through column in a liquid mobile phase to a detector (UV/Vis, DAD, MS, etc.,). The effect of silver nanoparticles on antioxidant/pro-oxidant balance in a murine model. Nanda A., Saravanan M. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Staphylococcus aureus and its antimicrobial activity against MRSA and MRSE. Asfaw TB, Woldemariam HW, Tadesse MG, Tessema FB, Admassie ZG, Esho TB. This methodology, also called mechanochemical synthesis has recently attracted a significant attention of the research world [85,86,87,88,89,90,91]. The order of antioxidant activity in Cassia fistula extracts displayed from higher to lower level as methanolic extracts of pulp, methanolic extracts of seed, hexane extracts of pulp, and hexane extracts of seed. Viner R.I., Hmmer A.F.R., Bigelow D.J., Schoneich C. The Oxidative Inactivation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2ATPase by peroxynitrite. The ascorbic acid standard showed 55.0 0.7% activity for hydrogen peroxide technique and 81.4 1.2% for DPPH radical scavenging activity [154]. The main disadvantage of using this assay is that DMPD radical is soluble only in water, so there are limitations in using it for hydrophobic antioxidants determination [54]. Bal M., Balov ., Daneu N., Dutkov E., Balov M., Bujkov Z., Shpotyuk Y. Plant-Mediated Synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their stabilization by wet stirred media milling. This method is mostly used for the determination of total phenolic compounds in various samples (food products, plants, plant extracts), but it can also react in alkaline conditions with non-phenolic compounds, such as amino acids, aromatic amines, ascorbic acid, sulphur dioxide, Cu+ ions, and others [43]. As an example, the study on the use of Trichoderma atroviride for this purpose can be mentioned [153]. Pluym et al. Hwang I., Hwang J.H., Choi H., Kim K.-J., Lee D.G. These are with dynamic balance with the production of any oxygen forms essential for living and protection against the toxic influence of ROS [17]. Del D., Stewart A.J., Pellegrini N. A review of recent studies on malondialdehyde as toxic molecule and biological marker of oxidative stress. The highest free radical scavenging activity was determined against DPPH radical followed by H2O2 and ABTS methods [160]. Pandit R. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from seed extract of Brassica nigra and its antibacterial activity. (Biology) biology a substance, such as vitamin C, vitamin E, or beta carotene, that counteracts the damaging effects of oxidation in a living organism. Denev P., Ciz M., Ambrozova G., Lojek A., Yanakieva I., Kratchanova M. Solid-phase extraction of berries anthocyanins and evaluation of their antioxidative properties. The aim of this review is to provide a brief overview on antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticles, its measurement, and future perspectives in relationship between AgNPs and antioxidant activity. 2015 Oct 14;63(40):8765-76. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03839. The reduction of metallic salt is performed by a natural material including plants, plant extracts, microorganisms, or small biomolecules (amino acids, vitamins or polysaccharides) [96,97,98,99]. Nowadays, there are too many analytical methods, but there is no one universal . . The separation process depends on affinity of analyte toward the stationary and mobile phases. Pallavicini P., Arciola C.R., Bertoglio F., Curtosi S., Dacarro G., DAgostino A., Ferrari F., Merli D., Milanese C., Rossi S., et al. Jacob S.J.P., Finub J.S., Narayanan A. Biointerfaces synthesis of silver nanoparticles using piper longum leaf extracts and its cytotoxic activity against Hep-2 cell line. Of course, also the presence of the oxidants leads to oxidative modifications of biological system on molecular level (unsaturated bonds of lipids, proteins, DNA, etc.,) causing damage and finally, cellular death is accelerated [12]. Diet and skin cancer: The potential role of dietary antioxidants in nonmelanoma skin cancer prevention. Elucidation of prospective mechanism and therapeutic potential. Authors explained this phenomenon by the role of phytochemicals. Phagocytes and oxidative stress. Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis methods, bio-applications and properties. A reduced antioxidant capacity of AgNPs in comparison with extract was also observed by Demirbas [125]. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help According to the mentioned facts, there is a connection between oxidative stress and several diseases caused by oxidative stress [24], e.g., Alzheimers disease [25], atherosclerosis [18], cardiovascular diseases [20], cancer [26,27,28], but also psychic impairments, such as ADHD or schizophrenia [29,30]. HPLC is a valuable method for antioxidant capacity determination. 4 and their antimicrobial application. Oliveira M.M., Ugarte D., Zanchet D., Zarbin A.J.G. Kumar D., Arora S., Danish M. Plant based synthesis of silver nanoparticles from ougeinia oojeinensis leaves extract and their membrane stabilizing, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Limbach L.K., Wick P., Manser P., Grass R.N. Based on the large number of papers reporting both types of results, it seems that both scenarios are possible. Fungal silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, application and challenges. Ghaffari S. Oxidative stress in the regulation of normal and neoplastic hematopoiesis. All tested nanoparticles have exhibited lower scavenging activity than ascorbic acid standard. If the extract is rich in phenolic compounds and flavonoids, the nanoparticles exhibit high scavenging activity. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of the studied AgNPs (72.5 %) was also higher than standard (56.4%). The site is secure. In the Table 3 we have summarized the methods used for silver nanoparticles antioxidant capacity determination together with the methods of preparation during recent years. In any case, it is better to express or compare the activity with a standard (ascorbic acid, trolox, gallic acid, quercetin, etc.). EGethylene glycol; EG/PVPethylene glycol/poly(vinyl pyrollidine); PABA-PVApoly(3-aminophenyl boronic acid- poly(vinyl alcohol); PLA/PEGpoly lactic acid/poly ethylene glycol. All the statistical programs gave similar EC(50) values, but GraphPad Prism five-parameter analysis pointed out a best performance, also showing a minor variance in relation to the actual EC(50). The moderate scavenging effect might arise from the interference of several functional groups presented in extract, which play an important role in the capping and stabilizing on AgNPs. It is a rapid, simple, and an inexpensive method for antioxidant capacity determination, but it has some limitations. Rajput S., Kumar D., Agrawal V. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Indian Belladonna extract and their potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and larvicidal activities. Bal P., Achimovicov M., Bal M., Billik P., Zara C.Z., Criado J.M., Delogu F., Dutkov E., Gaffet E., Gotor F.J., et al. John T., Odunayo O., Benjakul S., Rujiralai T. Synthesis and characterization of novel poly (3-aminophenyl boronic acid- co-vinyl alcohol) nanocomposite polymer stabilized silver nanoparticles with antibacterial and antioxidant applications. They observed that the alfalfa root is able to absorb silver from agar medium to produce AgNPs. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 2. However, the ABTS assay has some reservations in the overall applications, such as specificity for reaction of different antioxidants, storage of the radical, or processing method conditions [53]. (PABA-PVA) AgNPs were subjected to the ABTS, DPPH, and H2O2 radical scavenging activities measurements in [160]. Arteaga J.F., Ruiz-Montoya M., Palma A., Alonso-Garrido G., Pintado S., Rodriguez-Mellado J.M. Reducing compounds are necessary for the formation of nanosuspension, so natural antioxidants are mostly used for nanoparticles preparation and this fact gives the opportunities to detect physicochemical properties including total antioxidant capacity [77]. Ashraf J.M., Ansari M.A., Khan H.M., Alzohairy M.A., Choi I. These results can be considered slightly inadequate, because the authors did not compare the antioxidant capacity with that of standard, so it can be only hypothesized that silver nanoparticles prepared by using the extract of Allium ampeloprasum L. exhibit good antioxidant activity [137]. Many fruits and vegetables . Other method using the Fenton-like system to induce lipid peroxidation is lipid peroxidation inhibitory assay by measuring the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) [12,42,60]. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Huang D., Ou B., Prior R.L. Hydrogen peroxide and DPPH scavenging activity of AgNPs was also compared with ascorbic acid. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Zhang X.-F., Liu Z.-G., Shen W., Gurunathan S. Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, properties, applications, and therapeutic approaches. Bactericidal effects of silver nanoparticles on lactobacilli and the underlying mechanism bactericidal effects of silver nanoparticles on lactobacilli and the underlying mechanism. Methods for antioxidant capacity evaluation. Diagnostic methods and therapeutic agents. Valsalam S., Agastian P., Valan M., Al-dhabi N.A., Ghilan A.M., Kaviyarasu K., Ravindran B. Fungi also represent a valuable producer of silver nanoparticles because of their capability of metals bioaccumulation [121,122]. 1. The results show that the activity of green synthesized silver NPs increased with higher concentration, while that of chemically synthesized nanoparticles did not show a significant antioxidant activity. Methods for total antioxidant activity determination: A review. Sathiyaseelan A., Saravanakumar K., Vijaya A., Mariadoss A., Wang M. International journal of biological macromolecules biocompatible fungal chitosan encapsulated phytogenic silver nanoparticles enhanced antidiabetic, antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Another study published by Lee et al. [124] showed higher scavenging activity of free radicals by DPPH method than walnut (Juglans regia) extract (Figure 2b). DMPD radical scavenging assay is based on the conversion of transparent N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (DMPD) into the colored radical DMPD+ in the presence of Fe ions or reactive species, such as hydroxyl radicals (Scheme 3). The ABTS+ and DPPH assays are widely used methods for the assessment of the antioxidant capacities of natural products, they both are spectrophotometric techniques based on quenching of stable colored radicals (ABTS+ or DPPH) and show the radical scavenging ability of antioxidants even when present in complex biological mixtures such as plant . Docea A.O., Calina D., Buga A.M., Zlatian O., Popescu E.L., Stoica A.E., Catalina A. This method is based on the reduction of DPPH radical at a glassy carbon electrode [65,66,67]. Wei L., Lu J., Xu H., Patel A., Chen Z.-S., Guofang C., Chen Z. The authors evaluated the antioxidant properties by Folin-Ciocalteaus assay for total phenolic and flavonoid content, DPPH, ABTS, and MTT methods. The DPPH radical scavenging ability of green and chemically prepared AgNPs was compared with that of plant extract. Mittal A.K., Kaler A., Banerjee U.C. They speculated that improved antioxidant properties of AgNPs are due to the simultaneous activity of polyphenols as antioxidant agents and AgNPs as a catalyst [124]. Halliwell B. Antioxidants and human disease: A general introduction. 2013 Feb;65(2):271-9. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01591.x. Folin-Ciocalteau phenol reagent consists of a mixture of phosphomolybdic acid and phosphotungstic acid, in which the molybdenum and tungsten are in the oxidation state 6+ and are reduced to the oxidation state of 5+ during the reaction. Phaniendra A., Babu D. Free Radicals: Properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases. Oxidative stress is a phenomenon that can be defined as a state when the equilibrium between the antioxidative defense of cell and oxidants is disrupted by the effect of excess of the oxidants, for example reactive oxygen or nitrogen species (ROS or RNS, respectively) and organic compounds containing sulphur producing alkyl sulfanyl radicals (RS). Selected techniques for AgNPs preparation. This method is popular mainly in the determination of antioxidant ability of foods and is limited by low reactivity of fluorescein and with peroxyl radicals [61]. They focused on DPPH, NO, and H2O2 scavenging activities, total antioxidant activity, and ferric reducing power assay using ferricyanide (Figure 3). Gurunathan S., Raman J., Abd Malek S.N., John P.A., Vikineswary S. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ganoderma neo-japonicum Imazeki: A potential cytotoxic agent against breast cancer cells. Biomolecules isolated from microorganisms, such as exopolysaccharides were also used for biosynthesis of AgNPs [154,155]. On the other hand, upon using ABTS method, they observed 63% scavenging activity and when using MTT test, 61% scavenging activity at the same concentration (50 gmL1) was observed [157]. Pisoschi A.M., Negulescu G.P. As the most established nanoparticles are synthesized using plant extracts, the antioxidant capacity of AgNPs is often compared with plant extract itself. Gonzlez-ballesteros N., Rodrguez-argelles M.C., Prado-lpez S., Lastra M., Grimaldi M., Cavazza A., Nasi L., Salviati G. Macroalgae to nanoparticles: Study of Ulva lactuca L. role in biosynthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles and of their cytotoxicity on colon cancer cell lines. Pulido R., Bravo L., Saura-calixto F. Antioxidant activity of dietary polyphenols as determined by a modified ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay. Shape-controlled synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles. The mean percentage of DPPH free-radical . Abbasi E., Milani M., Fekri Aval S., Kouhi M., Akbarzadeh A., Tayefi Nasrabadi H., Nikasa P., Joo S.W., Hanifehpour Y., Nejati-Koshki K., et al. Namely, for AgNPs with concentration of 100 gmL1 the activity of H2O2 scavenging was 70.1 0.6% and in the case of DPPH assay it was 91.3 0.7%. Bitanihirwe B.K.Y., Woo T.W. Batch-injection analysis with amperometric detection of the DPPH radical for evaluation of antioxidant capacity. Xu C., Paone E., Rodriguez-Pardn D., Luque R., Mauriello F. Recent catalytic routes for the preparation and the upgrading of biomass derived furfural. European research in focus: Mechanochemistry for sustainable industry (COST Action MechSustInd). In general, the antioxidant properties of silver nanoparticles depend on the chemical composition of the extract and it usually improves with the increase of the AgNPs concentration. Oxidative stress, caused by endogenous factors such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) including the hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, nitric oxide radical, hypochlorite radical, etc., and exogenous factors such as smoking, ionizing radiation, pollution, organic solvents, pesticides, etc., are able to a.
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