[309] Immigrants from Europe, Australia, North America and Latin America make up 500,000 of the population. The United Arab Emirates (UAE; Arabic: al-Imrt al-Arabiyya l-Muttaida[nb 2]), or simply the Emirates (Arabic: al-Imrt), is a country in West Asia, in the Middle East. Prior to withdrawing from the area in 1971, Britain delineated the internal borders among the seven emirates in order to preempt territorial disputes that might hamper formation of the federation. [75][190][191] Since 2011, the UAE government has increasingly carried out forced disappearances. [306] This unique imbalance is due to the country's exceptionally high net migration rate of 21.71, the world's highest. [198][203] Amnesty International reported that the Qatari men have been abducted by the UAE government and the UAE government has withheld information about the men's fate from their families. Today, Walmart operates approximately 10,500 stores and clubs in 20 countries and eCommerce websites. Each emirate is allocated specific seats to ensure full representation. The active and effective military role, despite its small active personnel, has led the UAE military to be nicknamed as "Little Sparta" by United States Armed Forces Generals and former US defense secretary James Mattis. [236] Supported by the world's seventh-largest oil reserves and aided by prudent investments coupled with a resolute commitment to economic liberalism and strong governmental oversight, the UAE has witnessed its real GDP increase by more than three times over the past four decades. It covers approximately 75 square kilometres (29 square miles) and the boundary was settled in 1969. This was the first commercial discovery of the Trucial Coast, leading to the first exports of oil in 1962. Ras al-Khaimah joined it later, on 10 January 1972. [285] The emirate of Dubai is also home to two major golf courses: the Dubai Golf Club and Emirates Golf Club. [48] The First World War had a severe impact on the industry, but it was the economic depression of the late 1920s and early 1930s, coupled with the invention of the cultured pearl, that wiped out the trade. [55], Meanwhile, onshore exploration was hindered by territorial disputes. The Council of Ministers is made up of 22 members and manages all internal and foreign affairs of the federation under its constitutional and federal law. Notable international tournaments hosted by the UAE have included the 2014 Under-19 Cricket World Cup, the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup, and three editions of the Asia Cup (1984, 1995 and 2018). [270], Major holidays in the United Arab Emirates include Eid al Fitr, which marks the end of Ramadan, and National Day (2 December), which marks the formation of the United Arab Emirates. [241] Western nations, including the UK, were also warned by the Emirati Trade Minister, Dr Thani bin Ahmed Al Zeyoudi to keep politics separate from trade and the economy, as it dilutes the agreements main objectives. [253], Dubai International Airport became the busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic in 2014, overtaking London Heathrow.[255]. [257] The Dubai Metro is the first urban train network in the Arabian Peninsula.[258]. The seven sheikhs of the emirates then decided to form a council to coordinate matters between them and took over the development office. [60], By 1966, it had become clear the British government could no longer afford to administer and protect the Trucial States, what is now the United Arab Emirates. The prime minister, who is appointed by the Federal Supreme Council, appoints the ministers. ", "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm", Middle East | Cold snap brings Gulf rare snow, Global warming or wonder! Within the Omani exclave of Madha, is a UAE exclave called Nahwa, also belonging to the Emirate of Sharjah. Dubai, United Arab Emirates Dubai, also spelled Dubayy, constituent emirate of the United Arab Emirates (formerly Trucial States or Trucial Oman). 3- Sharjah. [222] The International Trade Union Confederation has called on the United Nations to investigate evidence that thousands of migrant workers in the UAE are treated as slave labour. [97] During the late summer months, a humid southeastern wind known as Sharqi (i.e. [15] In 2013, the country had a population of 9.2 million, of which 1.4 million were Emirati citizens and 7.8 million were expatriates. [282] Alcohol is allowed to be served only in hotel restaurants and bars. However, the likelihood of plunging interest rates and increasing provisioning costs on bad loans, point to difficult times ahead for the economy. About 100km (62mi) to the northeast of Liwa is the Al-Buraimi oasis, which extends on both sides of the Abu Dhabi-Oman border. [117][118], The UAE is the only country in the world that has a Ministry of Tolerance,[119] a Ministry of Happiness,[120] and a Ministry of Artificial Intelligence. "[159][160] Before 2020, flogging, stoning, amputation, crucifixion were technically legal punishments for criminal offences such as adultery, premarital sex and drug or alcohol use. Dubai is the most populous emirate with 35.6% of the UAE population. (2020). [339] Guzansky, Y., & Segal, E. (2020). [85] The largest emirate, Abu Dhabi, accounts for 87% of the UAE's total area[86] (67,340 square kilometres (26,000sqmi). The UAE attracts medical tourists seeking cosmetic surgery and advanced procedures, cardiac and spinal surgery, and dental treatment, as health services have higher standards than other Arab countries in the Persian Gulf.[340]. The United Arab Emirates is an elective monarchy formed from a federation of seven emirates, consisting of Abu Dhabi (the capital), Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras Al Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm Al Quwain. Each emirate is governed by an emir and together the emirs form the Federal Supreme Council. [248] The Barakah nuclear power plant is the first on the Arabian peninsula and expected to reduce the carbon footprint of the country.[249]. The Musandam Peninsula, the very tip of Arabia by the Strait of Hormuz, and Madha are exclaves of Oman separated by the UAE. The UAE national cricket team has qualified for the Cricket World Cup on two occasions (1996 and 2015)[293][294] and the ICC Men's T20 World Cup on one occasion (2014). Vol. "Easterner") makes the coastal region especially unpleasant. [320] Sheikh Zayed Mosque in Abu Dhabi is the largest mosque in the country and a major tourist attraction. There are no democratically elected institutions, and there is no formal commitment to free [26], Stone tools recovered reveal a settlement of people from Africa some 127,000 years ago and a stone tool used for butchering animals discovered on the Arabian coast suggests an even older habitation from 130,000 years ago. It is located at the eastern end of the Arabian Peninsula and shares borders with Oman and Saudi Arabia, while having maritime borders in the Persian Gulf with Qatar and Iran. Available at. Likewise, pork, which is haram (not permitted for Muslims), is sold in separate sections in all major supermarkets. [88], The UAE coast stretches for nearly 650km (404mi) along the southern shore of the Persian Gulf, briefly interrupted by an isolated outcrop of the Sultanate of Oman. Certainly, by the fifth century, Oman had a bishop named John the last bishop of Oman being Etienne, in 676 CE. A number of undersea oil surveys were carried out, including one led by the famous marine explorer Jacques Cousteau. Strong tides and occasional windstorms further complicate ship movements near the shore. Springer Nature, 2020. Al Nasr, Al Ain, Al Wasl, Sharjah, Al Wahda, and Shabab Al Ahli are the most popular teams and enjoy the reputation of long-time regional champions. [77][78] This resulted in a major economic downturn, which eventually led to the merger of more than 50% of the UAE's federal agencies. The UAE is a federation of seven different emirates, which are Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Fujairah, Ajman, Sharjah, Ras al-Khaimah, and Umm al-Quwain. Vol. Consequently, a knowledge of English is a requirement when applying for most local jobs. Between 2000 and 2018, average real gross domestic product (GDP) growth was at close to 4%. [332] There are currently three Hindu temples in the country. [68] It was a founding member of the Gulf Cooperation Council in May 1981, with Abu Dhabi hosting the first GCC summit. [1] There are no internal barriers hindering movement between the emirates. The Abraham accords: Immediate significance and long-term implications. [82], The UAE lies between 2230' and 2610' north latitude and between 51 and 5625 east longitude. In 1971, six of these states - Abu Dhabi, 'Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah, Dubayy, and Umm al Qaywayn - merged to form the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The FNC consists of 40 members drawn from all the emirates. The president and vice president are elected by the Federal Supreme Council. [155] The United Arab Emirates Army operates a customized Leclerc tank and is the only other operator of the tank aside from the French Army. How do I find information about my local [235], The weaker points remain the level of education across the UAE population, limitations in the financial and labour markets, barriers to trade and some regulations that hinder business dynamism. In general, the rulers of the emirates accepted the British interventions, but in the case of boundary disputes between Abu Dhabi and Dubai, and also between Dubai and Sharjah, conflicting claims were not resolved until after the UAE became independent. [199] Human rights organizations have spoken out against the secrecy of the trial. Days after the announcement, the ruler of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, fearing vulnerability, tried to persuade the British to honour the protection treaties by offering to pay the full costs of keeping the British Armed Forces in the Emirates. Food security in Arab Gulf States and the impact of COVID-19." Long hours in the sun made them vulnerable to heat strokes. Economic growth has been impressive and steady throughout the history of this young confederation of emirates with brief periods of recessions only, e.g. [122][123] The UAE also has a National Youth Council, which is represented in the UAE cabinet by the Minister of Youth. Khawr al Udayd was claimed by Abu Dhabi at that time, a claim supported by the British. Are you satisfied with this answer? The first ever national elections were held on 16 December 2006. (2020). The UAE operates the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon F-16E Block 60 unique variant unofficially called "Desert Falcon", developed by General Dynamics with collaboration of the UAE and specifically for the United Arab Emirates Air Force. Bianco, C. (2021). Reuters. [268], The United Arab Emirates has a diverse society. [156] The largest defence exhibition and conference in the Middle East, International Defence Exhibition, takes place biennially in Abu Dhabi. The court system consists of civil courts and Sharia courts. 1327, 1 June 2020. [284] Other popular sports include camel racing, falconry, endurance riding, and tennis. The intra-GCC crises: Mapping GCC fragmentation after 2011. International Affairs, 94(3), 613635. [225], In a 22 July 2020 news piece, Reuters reported human rights groups as saying conditions had deteriorated because of the COVID-19 pandemic. [176], Due to local customs, public shows of affection in certain public places are illegal and could result in deportation, but holding hands is tolerated. [45], Under the 1892 treaty, the trucial sheikhs agreed not to dispose of any territory except to the British and not to enter into relationships with any foreign government other than the British without their consent. [334] The area was under the control of the British as the Trucial States until 1971, and with many expatriate residents today, English is the primary lingua franca in the UAE. The list of museums in the United Arab Emirates includes some of regional repute, most famously Sharjah with its Heritage District containing 17 museums,[274] which in 1998 was the Cultural Capital of the Arab World. Public schools in the country are free for citizens of the UAE, while the fees for private schools vary. A number of voters chose half of the members of the Federal National Council. The economic crisis in the Gulf States: A challenge to the contract between rulers and ruled. [198] Foreign nationals were also subjected to a campaign of deportations. The medium of instruction in the public school is Arabic with emphasis on English as a second language. The race takes place in the evening, and was the first ever Grand Prix to start in daylight and finish at night. The government follows a policy of tolerance toward other religions and rarely interferes in the religious activities of non-Muslims. When Dubai's oil exports commenced in 1969, Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, the ruler of Dubai, was able to invest the revenues from the limited reserves found to spark the diversification drive that would create the modern global city of Dubai. British Members of Parliament (MPs) debated the preparedness of the Royal Navy to defend the sheikhdoms. The decline of pearling resulted in extreme economic hardship in the Trucial States.[49]. [328], South Asians in the United Arab Emirates constitute the largest ethnic group in the country. The UAE stands for United Arab Emirates and is a country in itself. In accordance with the constitution, the UAE's Supreme Council of Rulers elected Khalifa as president. [228], Various human rights organisations have raised serious concerns about the alleged abuse of migrant workers by major contractors organising Expo 2020. [331] Over 2 million Indian migrants (mostly from the southern states of Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Coastal Karnataka and Tamil Nadu) are estimated to be living in the UAE. It is about eight kilometres (5.0 miles) on a dirt track west of the town of New Madha. [321], Christians account for 19.7% of the total population of the United Arab Emirates, according to a ministry report, which collected census data. An Iranian destroyer group broke formation from an exercise in the lower Gulf, sailing to the Tunb islands. Zweiri, Mahjoob, Md Mizanur Rahman, and Arwa Kamal, eds. The title is used due to the sheikhdom styled governing system in adherence to the culture of tribes of Arabia, where Sheikh means leader, elder, or the tribal chief of the clan who partakes in shared decision making with his followers. Sharia courts have exclusive jurisdiction in Muslim family law matters, while civil courts deal with all other legal matters. UAE's business solution provider German Pavilion is also held accountable for abusing migrant workers. [20][21] Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, ruler of Abu Dhabi and the country's first president, oversaw the development of the Emirates by investing oil revenues into healthcare, education, and infrastructure. The major ports of the United Arab Emirates are Khalifa Port, Zayed Port, Port Jebel Ali, Port Rashid, Port Khalid, Port Saeed, and Port Khor Fakkan. Three other poets from Sharjah, known as the Hirah group, are observed to have been heavily influenced by the Apollo and Romantic poets. The air base also supported Allied operations during the 1991 Persian Gulf War and Operation Northern Watch. The life expectancy at birth in the UAE is at 76.96 years. Usually, a sheikh from Abu Dhabi holds the presidency and a sheikh from Dubai the prime ministership. But there, Sheikh Khalid bin Mohammed Al Qasimi had already negotiated with the Iranian shah, and the island was quickly leased to Iran for $3 million a year. [215] Worker protests have been suppressed and protesters imprisoned without due process. The introduction of the VAT has provided the government with an additional source of income approximately 6% of the total revenue in 2018, or 27 billion United Arab Emirates Dirham (AED) affording its fiscal policy more independence from oil- and gas-related revenue, which constitutes about 36% of the total government revenue. 4- The headquarters of the International Cricket Council (ICC) have been located in the Dubai Sports City complex since 2005, including the ICC Academy which was established in 2009. The country has benefited from medical tourists from all over the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf. Each time one passes through a Salik tolling point, a toll is deducted from the drivers' prepaid toll account using advanced Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. [322][323] Roman Catholics and Protestants form significant proportions of the Christian minority. Guzansky, Y., & Marshall, Z.
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