how far do electrons move in ac current

You can look up "skin effect" to understand this better. When the electrons reach the end of the wire that is connected to another component, they move into that component, and continue in a loop around the circuit. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? For Cu the mobility is about 6 $10^{7}$ Siemens/m. IT Services Electrons Moving in Conductors. The speed at which energy or signals travel down a cable is actually the speed of the electromagnetic wave traveling along (guided by) the cable. Therefore when you turn on a switch, the electrons in the light start moving "instantly" as far as we are concerned, i.e. A battery, often using a chemical reaction, sets up a positive charge on one end, and a negative charge on the other. How far do electrons actually move along a conductor under an alternating current? What should be included in error messages? is it correct to use m*v^2/r=K*q^2/r^2. In the UK where the average voltage is 240V it actually goes down to about -330V and upto +330V fifty times a second. Let's say the current if following a sine function with a peak amplitude of 1.41 A. The tightly bound ones don't move, but the free ones can go wherever they want sorta. Higher resistance materials have more impurities and defects, and thus lower average carrier speed. If yes to a, what experiments or data have proved this? It only takes a minute to sign up. JavaScript is disabled. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Every time you push 6.28x10^18 electrons through the wire, you've moved one amp of current. thanx for your reply but question remain unanswered i want to know that how electrons flow inside wire when source is ac.like wise as we know that electrons flow through surface of conductor. Is Logistic Regression a classification or prediction model? Like how do you . If a polymorphed player gets mummy rot, does it persist when they leave their polymorphed form? Bruce Sherwood has done a lot of thinking about this over many years. So there is a balance between jostling due to heat that tends to make the electron cloud expand (something like the molecules in a gas making it want to expand when heated) and the electric field that develops because negative electrons are spending some of their time further away from the wire than the positive atoms left behind. The electrons move like 0.1 cm/s, but in the field, the signal propogates at a speed close to c. Edit: electrons speed is actually much much less than 0.1cm/s !! Well it works because the electric field created by the electrons moving all of them to the right or left is "instantly" felt at the end of the cable (not instantly, the electric field perturbation travels at speed c because the bosons of the electromagnetic field are photons and they travel at light speed). Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for electronics and electrical engineering professionals, students, and enthusiasts. If this is the situation in nature, why do the lights come on so quickly? When you apply a positive potential to the end of a wire, the electrons in the cloud around the wire are drawn to it. In the case of a 12 gauge copper wire carrying 10 amperes of current (typical of home wiring), the individual electrons only move about 0.02 cm per sec or 1.2 inches per minute (in science this is called the drift velocity of the electrons.). 3.2m/s. You are using an out of date browser. The next electrons coming by are repelled away from this build up allowing them to travel around instead of just directly away from the battery. Germantown, TN 38138 Electrons move in the opposite direction of what we call the current. I prompt an AI into generating something; who created it: me, the AI, or the AI's author? Quite unlike a classical picture, however, the position of this rotating cloud is not changing at all in time. The statement about pushing is vague because the pushing is mutual (Newton's third law), so on the face of it there are as many charge carriers pushed in the wrong direction as there are pushing the right direction. How does a wire carry alternating current? The hydrogen atom has one electron on the first layer, the helium atom has two on the first layer, the next atom (lithium) has two on the first layer then one on the second layer, etc. around the world. You can strip any atom of an electron, but the best "conductors" require only a weak field to do so. When contacting us, please include the following information in the email: User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 _Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64_ AppleWebKit/537.36 _KHTML, like Gecko_ Chrome/103.0.5060.114 Safari/537.36 Edg/103.0.1264.62, URL: physics.stackexchange.com/questions/324060/how-do-electrons-flow-in-ac. Mike W. It's true that a water wave is a particular pattern of moving water molecules. [1] Although for very long distances (more than 1000 km . [4], Since the velocity of propagation is very high about 300,000 kilometers per second the wave of an alternating or oscillating current, even of high frequency, is of considerable length. 731-668-1818, Hendersonville / Nashville Campus The next electrons coming by are repelled away from this build up allowing them to travel around instead of just directly away from the battery. 1. You might want to find a better site for studying this subject. So your first representation is to some correct. Some times it has a positive value ( moving right for example) half a cycle after it has the same value but negative ( going left) and when I=0 they are not moving ( changing from going right to going left, like an harmonic oscillator). 5 This is more or less a curiosity question. A1: Yes, that is true. Is really electron moves with the speed of light around the proton and how it moves in our body also? In nearly every case, the way the energy leaves is a one or more photons. If you connect a conductor between the two ends, you will force electrons through the conductor as they travel from the negatively charged side (too many electrons) to the positively charged side (too few electrons). "Velocity of Propagation of Electric Field", This page was last edited on 28 June 2023, at 23:54. In the situation of A/C current, the electrons "wiggle" rapidly about fixed positions, but they don't "flow" through the wire. Fully understood everything. How does a resistor affect an AC circuit? With that said, however, it's also possible that each of the known particle waves is made up of something deeper. 205 Indian Lake Blvd. A state of definite angular momentum has the sort of motion your talking about. Speed of electrons in a current-carrying metallic wire: does it even make sense? Employment In copper at 60Hz, At a bend in the wire they stand at the bend and point away telling incoming electrons to make the turn. Q 1. It only takes a minute to sign up. Due to interactions between the electrons and the surrounding electric field. But none seem satisfactory. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. In a conductor, the current density J = E where J is in amps / m2, is the conductivity of the material, and E is the electric field. Atoms contain several layers or shells of electrons. How electrons inside copper wire behave when source is ac or dc? But they say that with 2.48x10^-6 m/s It'll take the electrons 68 minutes to travel 1 meter, How is that possible? This velocity is the speed with which electromagnetic waves penetrate into the conductor and is not the drift velocity of the conduction electrons. Very similar : Why does electrical current start to flow? Any beginning book on quantum mechanics describes a set of possible states for the electrons. Academic Press dictionary of science and technology By Christopher G. Morris, Academic Press. On page #8, #9 and #10 It says to take the Cross-sectional Area of the wire, The current, The density, The Charge and the electrons^3. Sot he motion is totally unform. These speeds cancel out in the absence of a field. How does having free electrons make something a conductor? The voltage on the live wire relative to 0V will change sign so it goes positive and negative. That is, the velocity of propagation has no appreciable effect unless the return conductor is very distant, or entirely absent, or the frequency is so high that the distance to the return conductor is an appreciable portion of the wavelength.[4]. The energy/signal usually flows overwhelmingly outside the electric conductor of a cable; the purpose of the conductor is thus not to conduct energy, but to guide the energy-carrying wave. Those traffic control people are built up charge on the surface of the wire. Skin (but I could be wrong), I think it just refers to the current sticking to the surface, or 'skin', of the wire. In both situations the battery supplies energy to the electrons to traverse through the wire. I think what they have in mind is that the electron cannot go from one orbital state to another, with lower energy, without somehow getting rid of the energy. 2) The magnetic field lines are the hypothetical representation of the direction of force on an +ve charge at any point in the space, the tangential direction. What I don't understand is how does AC power anything when it's reusing the same electrons over and over as they are moving back and forth? She told us that, due to chemical reactions taking place inside the dry cell, accumulation of electrons occurs at the -ve terminal and cations at the +ve terminal. is it just a few inches? 1. There's some kinetic energy, associated with a distribution of purely. Understanding current, voltage and resistance, Vacuum diode in space charge mode: emission current, Conductor interaction with single battery terminal, A few basic questions about simple electric circuits. I.e. Can electric fields be altered by conductors such as a metal wire? The electromagnetic fields do not move through space. So the electrons of the beginning of the cable move like an harmonic oscillator and "instantly" the ones from the end of the cable ( and all of them in fact) move exactly the same way as the ones in the beginning and this ones of the end are the ones used for do electric work. (The voltage is really a sine wave so the voltage does decrease smoothly to 0 when it is switching rather than making a sudden jump between positive and negative.). The power plant generates an electric field which pulls/pushes the electrons (just like gravity can pull on mass). In that case, current should now flow through the neutral wire to the device and then back through the live wire. Also my friends don't believe me and we had a pretty long argument and they say the only way the orbital can move is if a photon is being released. This is how electrons can travel through a wire even if you bend it 90 degrees like a square. As they travel they begin to build up on the bends of the wire. The Kremlin will drop charges again Wagner mercenary chief Yevgeny Prigozhin, who will move to Belarus under a deal to end an armed mutiny that Prigozhin led against Russia's military leadership. $d_{max} = \frac{1}{2\pi f}\sqrt{2}\mu V/l$. As they travel they begin to build up on the bends of the wire. Best Answer. The skin effect has allowed me to earn a good salary for a few years. How does the direction change physically? The electrons on an AC current just move forward and back, you can see this by looking at the intensity vs time graphic. = conductivity of annealed copper = 5.96 107 S/m. Deriving expression for resistance in terms of current density. Electrons will jump from one valence shell to the next, so technically if they jumped 'forward' one atom, then 'backwards' 2, you have reversed polarity. Of course we don't yet know if string theory is a correct description. If that plate was a screen coated with phosphors, it became a CRT (cathode ray tube) and that became the first television. They leave their positions on the application of a potential difference, and move or flow in the direction of higher to lower potential, thereby causing a current. It's the electromagnetic wave rippling through the electrons that propagates at close to the speed of light. Thus when you turn on a switch an electrical potential difference (created by a generator) immediately causes a force that tries to move the electrons. "They don't move" just oscillate arround an equilibrium position. In a typical copper wire there would be trillions of electrons flowing past any given point in the wire every second, but they would be passing that point very slowly. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Can renters take advantage of adverse possession under certain situations?
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