Skin aging and photoaging: An overview. Selection on alleles affecting human longevity and late-life disease: the example of apolipoprotein E. Lewis BP, Burge CB, Bartel DP. Ezzedine K, et al. Fritschi L, Green A. Received 2021 Jun 8; Accepted 2021 Oct 27. The enzyme telomerase adds specific DNA sequence repeats to the chromosome ends that are lost through cell division, thus restoring telomere length and delaying cell senescence, apoptosis, and death [10]. FOXO3A genotype is strongly associated with human longevity. We identified seven notable risk factors for various skin aging phenotypes: age, gender, ethnicity, air pollution, nutrition, smoking, sun exposure. So many factors affecting the aging process.When aging will cause wrinkles on your skin and gray on your hair. A secondary search was conducted by hand-searching references cited by the eligible articles from the primary search. Singh et al. It seems that aging can be delayed but no one can escape it. The genotype determines the variation in lifespan among species or individuals; this variation is more severely affected by the tendency to accumulate molecular errors that compromise adult stem cell function than by a specific genetic program[3]. Taimen P, Pfleghaar K, Shimi T, Moller D, Ben-Harush K, Erdos MR, Adam SA, Herrmann H, Medalia O, Collins FS, Goldman AE, Goldman RD. FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, FANCI, FANCJ, FANCL, FANCM. Airborne particle exposure and extrinsic skin aging. The process of aging refers to the decay of an organisms structure and function, in which molecular and cellular modifications can have various effects at the individual level over the course of a lifetime. Aspects of brain health include: Cognitive health how well you think, learn, and remember. (b) Forest plots for more than 2h/day of sun exposure and wrinkling (compared with less than 2h/day of sun exposure). The search term for all databases included skin aging or skin ageing in the title or abstract, and risk, or protective, or epidemiology in all index fields. To the young, ageing is exciting. Martires KJ, Fu P, Polster AM, Cooper KD, Baron ED. Yang SH, Bergo MO, Toth JI, Qiao X, Hu Y, Sandoval S, Meta M, Bendale P, Gelb MH, Young SG, Fong LG. Health effects of sunlight exposure in the United States. To better understand skin aging risk factors and collate the available data, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis. Buendia-Eisman A, Prieto L, Abarquero M, Arias-Santiago S. Study of the exposome ageing-related factors in the Spanish population. Association of FOXO3A variation with human longevity confirmed in German centenarians. The great variability in longevity between individuals of the same species suggests that the aging process is profoundly affected by processes that lead to the accumulation of errors that damage repair systems and compromise stem cell function. Intrinsic skin aging was attributed to non-modifiable risk factors such as chronological aging and genetic influences, while extrinsic aging was attributed to modifiable extrinsic factors, such as sun exposure and smoking. Extrinsic factors are . Stress and subjective age: Those with greater financial stress look older. Telomeres and telomerase: the path from maize, Tetrahymena and yeast to human cancer and aging. Wehner MR, et al. Mekic S, et al. A diverse range of food groups and micronutrients were assessed, resulting in different associations being obtained. In a subject population aged above 30, dyspigmentation was found to be more prevalent in Chinese and Japanese than in Germans only if measured on the cheeks and in subjects up to 60years old, while wrinkling in Japanese above 60years old and Chinese of any age were not significantly more severe than that in Germans (Supplementary Dataset). Green AC, Hughes MC, McBride P, Fourtanier A. These changes start from birthone grows, develops and attains maturity. Guarente L, Picard F. Calorie restriction--the SIR2 connection. Huls A, et al. Evaluation of cutaneous photodamage using a photographic scale. Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: II. Changes in Skin Condition in Relation to Degree of Exposure to Ultraviolet Light. chological factors for successful aging. Circulating GH activates the GH receptor (GHR); this in turn leads to secretion of IGF-1, which binds the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) on target cells, triggering cell growth and survival [85]. FOIA Characteristics of the aging skin. 1 for PRISMA flow diagram). Purba MB, et al. The pathways that involve DNA sequence alterations in somatic stem cell aging are still unclear, but these findings raise the possibility that telomere length or deficiencies in DNA repair systems could be part of these routes. Here we review the known genetic factors involved in aging. Epidemiologic determinants of skin photoaging: Baseline data of the SU.VI.MAX. It has been described in all ethnic groups with a very low prevalence. All authors read and approved the manuscript. Guinot C, et al. Fifty years of skin aging. The final database search using outcomes from the eligible primary search results did not yield other eligible studies not already included in this review. Smoking was categorised as smoking status or smoking exposure. Werner syndrome (WS) is an autosomal recessive progeroid syndrome caused by mutation at WRN, a member of the RecQ helicase family [51], involved in DNA repair systems and replication [5254]. Pospisilik JA, Knauf C, Joza N, Benit P, Orthofer M, Cani PD, Ebersberger I, Nakashima T, Sarao R, Neely G, Esterbauer H, Kozlov A, Kahn CR, Kroemer G, Rustin P, Burcelin R, Penninger JM. Dietary nutrient intakes and skin-aging appearance among middle-aged American women. Before The stereotypical perceptions of aging as a . The impact of epidermal melanin on objective measurements of human skin colour. Kimlin MG, Guo Y. Assessing the impacts of lifetime sun exposure on skin damage and skin aging using a non-invasive method. While aging is unique to everyone, the following factors may affect the aging process: Hormonal imbalances Genetics Chronic illness and other comorbidities Lifestyle factors Mental health problems Social factors Environmental factors Forest plot for skin aging phenotypes and age as a continuous variable. conducted the literature review, collated and analysed the data, and wrote the manuscript. Nonetheless, there appears to be a general male predisposition to increase likelihood of skin aging manifestation. 8600 Rockville Pike Additionally, menopausal status and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use, both factors which interact with increased age and female gender, may influence skin aging manifestation. These changes can be caused through genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, which are influenced by genes, environmental and stochastic factors; the contribution of each of these factors remains to be determined by future studies. A photonumeric scale for the assessment of cutaneous photodamage. From the primary search, there were instances of the terms photoaging being used in place of or equated to extrinsic aging2225, while others defined extrinsic aging as skin aging influenced by multiple extrinsic risk factors, including skin aging attributed to sun or ultraviolet (UV) exposure which photoaging refers to, but not vice versa. Gao Q, et al. Cells are constantly exposed to a harmful environment throughout life. Kirkwood TB. Goodman GJ, Armour KS, Kolodziejczyk JK, Santangelo S, Gallagher CJ. Pooled associations with HRT use was obtained for lentigines (pOR 1.49, 95% CI 0.59, 3.78) and wrinkling (pOR 0.47, 95% CI 0.17, 1.34) (see Fig. We identified seven notable risk factors for various skin aging phenotypes: age, gender, ethnicity, air pollution, nutrition, smoking, sun exposure. Recurrent de novo point mutations in lamin A cause Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. da Elizabet Saes S, Roberto T, Felipe da Silva P, Linjie Z. Human Sir2 and the silencing of p53 activity. Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: I. What factors affect the aging process? Leading a disciplined life means giving the body enough time to rest, proper work habits, less tension, proper nutrition and spirituality. Farage MA, Miller KW, Zouboulis CC, Pirard GE, Maibach HI. Conditions that commonly affect sleep in older people include depression, anxiety, heart disease, diabetes, and conditions that cause discomfort and pain, such as arthritis. These factors Effect of smoking on aging of photoprotected skin: Evidence gathered using a new photonumeric scale. Examples include the genetic variation in APOE and PCDH11X, associated with Alzheimers disease (AD) [93, 94]. This syndrome is associated with mutations in the BLM gene, which encodes a protein family of DNA helicases (enzymes involved in DNA replication and transcription) [76]. For current smoking, the association with lentigines was non-significant (pOR 1.09, 95% CI 0.76, 1.56) with non-significant heterogeneity (I2=0.00%, p=0.867). Solar exposure(s) and facial clinical signs of aging in Chinese women: Impacts upon age perception. Nagata C, et al. Yaar M, Eller MS, Gilchrest BA. In contrast, three studies assigned grades to their target outcome, then calculated a final score from the assigned grades by applying a formula3436. In contrast, modifiable risk factors, such as smoking and sun exposure, influence extrinsic skin aging and can be altered through interventions and lifestyle changes. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-021-01573-z. These articles examined outcomes linked to skin aging by articles from the primary search and reported risk factor associations but did not necessarily link the outcomes to skin aging themselves. A healthy diet in women is associated with less facial wrinkles in a large Dutch population-based cohort. Sundelin T, et al. Moreover, since skin aging comprised multiple phenotypes and risk factor exposures were categorised differently between studies, the number of associations obtained by this review for a given skin aging sign and corresponding risk factor were relatively low. Approach B-1: Understand the basic behavioral, social, and psychological aspects of aging. IIS is mediated by DAF-2, the insulin/IGF-I receptor. [91] recently described three SNP (single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the FOXO3A gene, a homologue of the key IIS effector daf-16 in C. elegans, that were significantly associated with longevity and aging phenotypes in a population of long-lived Americans of Japanese ancestry; these associations were confirmed by Flaschbart et al. A critical analysis of the role of growth hormone and IGF-1 in aging and lifespan. Scharner J, Gnocchi VF, Ellis JA, Zammit PS. These studies examined a variety of phenotypes, the most frequent of which were pigmentation (n=17), sagging (n=12), telangiectasia (n=11), and wrinkling (n=35). Any full-text journal article available in English was included. The older adult population is projected to double between 2012 and 2060, from 43.1 to 92.0 million (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). Explain the ways in which ageism impacts older adults and everyone. The third priority factors appeared differed by region in both groups. Other possibly contributory lifestyle factors include alcohol consumption, stress, diet, exercise, disease, and medication. Drenos F, Kirkwood TB. Here, the importance of age in skin aging was underscored, and supported an earlier finding that Chinese have exhibit lower wrinkling severity below 40years old but show accelerated skin aging from 40 to 50years old43. Soerensen M, Christensen K, Stevnsner T, Christiansen L. The Mn-superoxide dismutase single nucleotide polymorphism rs4880 and the glutathione peroxidase 1 single nucleotide polymorphism rs1050450 are associated with aging and longevity in the oldest old. These authors found that HSPA1A-AA and HSPA1B-AA genotypes in a cohort Danish nonagenarian were significantly associated with poor survival in women and the female carriers of haplotype G-C-T survived longer than non-carriers. Anti-inflammatory heat shock protein 70 genes are positively associated with human survival. The role of IGF-1, inflammation and p53. To develop new interventions for the prevention, early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of aging-related diseases, disorders, and disabilities, we must first understand their causes and the factors that place people at increased risk for their initiation and progression. Javierre BM, Fernandez AF, Richter J, Al-Shahrour F, Martin-Subero JI, Rodriguez-Ubreva J, Berdasco M, Fraga MF, OHanlon TP, Rider LG, Jacinto FV, Lopez-Longo FJ, Dopazo J, Forn M, Peinado MA, Carreno L, Sawalha AH, Harley JB, Siebert R, Esteller M, Miller FW, Ballestar E. Changes in the pattern of DNA methylation associate with twin discordance in systemic lupus erythematosus. Terry DF, Evans JC, Pencina MJ, Murabito JM, Vasan RS, Wolf PA, Kelly-Hayes M, Levy D, DAgostino RB, Sr, Benjamin EJ. Pollution and skin: From epidemiological and mechanistic studies to clinical implications. Evaluation of skin ageing: A systematic review of clinical scales. Honda Y, Tanaka M, Honda S. Redox regulation, gene expression and longevity. For this discussion, we will focus solely on crystal aging. Motor function how well you make and control movements, including balance. (a) Forest plots for more than 1h/day of sun exposure and skin aging. Peng F, et al. The longevity of these individuals is often accompanied by increased resistance to diseases that lead to early death [79, 80]. Several genetic factors are implicated in aging. Received 2011 Mar 4; Revised 2011 Apr 27; Accepted 2011 Apr 27. Moreover, the confounding effect of sub-ethnicity on skin aging phenotype cannot be discounted; one study reported a non-significant difference in wrinkling between Mongolians, an Asian ethnic group, and Caucasians (OR 1.014, 95% CI 0.4682.196)34. GUID:47BE313A-AAE3-456C-A053-C0D6CE72E522, GUID:9C154E87-44BB-4833-AAA3-EBCEDE160EE3. Atzmon G, Pollin TI, Crandall J, Tanner K, Schechter CB, Scherer PE, Rincon M, Siegel G, Katz M, Lipton RB, Shuldiner AR, Barzilai N. Adiponectin levels and genotype: a potential regulator of life span in humans. Flament F, Bourokba N, Nouveau S, Li J, Charbonneau A. Fraga MF, Agrelo R, Esteller M. Cross-talk between aging and cancer: the epigenetic language. Finally, this article will serve as a rough directory to the relevant original research publications at bare minimum, while providing readers with an overview of signs linked to skin aging and their associated risk factors. The clk-1 mutant lacks an enzyme implicated in the biosynthesis of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q), an electron acceptor in the respiratory electron transport chain. Use the following format. The site is secure. Considering the lack of a standardised definition of skin aging, definitions provided in reviewed studies, and the content of the foregoing studies, we propose the following definition for skin aging: Skin aging is a superimposition of benign skin phenotypes indicative of histological and morphological changes which are both continuous and inevitable, caused by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, wherein genetic and chronological influences constitute the former, and environmental influences constitute the latter. With this definition, we aim to succinctly encompass the relevant definitions identified in the literature while progressing towards a standardised definition of skin aging. Nonetheless, significant associations were reported for sunscreen use with lower perceived age68 and reduced degree of photoaging30. Aging is a process characterized by the progressive loss of tissue and organ function. Some studies examined specific races or genders, while others were nationwide cohort studies (e.g., NHANES). The factors influencing healthy aging were depression, leisure activities, perceived health status, ego integrity, and self-achievements. Indoor tanning and non-melanoma skin cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis. To assess heterogeneity, the I2 index was calculated for each meta-analysis; an I2 value upwards of 50% with p-value<0.05 was considered as a suggestion of significant heterogeneity. It is more common in people of Central and Eastern European (Ashkenazi) Jewish background, among who 1 in 48,000 are affected. Long-lived mitochondrial (Mit) mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans utilize a novel metabolism. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Green AC. Lewis SJ, Brunner EJ. Resveratrol, a plant-derived polyphenol, increases the deacetylase activity of some sirtuins and increases yeast lifespan by nearly 70% [48]. Twenty-nine articles offered some definition of skin aging, with 11 from the primary search and 18 from the secondary search (Supplementary Table 3). Gandini S, et al. In addition, mutations in genomic and mitochondrial DNA are a consequence of reduced repair efficiency, and lead in part to deterioration of somatic stem cell function [4]. The categorisation of skin colour and the corresponding associations with skin aging differed between studies (Supplementary Dataset). Pooling the associations for skin aging with being a smoker, which referred to subjects who indicated they had ever smoked or yes to being a smoker, resulted in a significant association for smokers face only (pOR 8.06, 95% CI 1.92, 33.91) with significant heterogeneity (I2=76.43%, p=0.039). Sirtuins are protein deacetylases that modulate pathways implicated in the aging process [43]. For discrete outcomes (e.g., seborrheic keratosis), studies assessed subjects by determining presence or absence (n=14), counting the number of occurrences (n=10), or both counting, then assigning a grade according to the frequency of outcome (n=8). As people age, they are more likely to experience several conditions at the same time. Hekimi S, Guarente L. Genetics and the specificity of the aging process. One must not deny and Only one study used an index to quantify the general dietary intake63. Mice with moderately reduced oxidative phosphorylation have improved glucose homeostasis and live longer [33, 34]. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help As individuals grow older, they experience biological changes, but how they experience these changes varies considerably. The role of GH in aging became clear in Ghr knockout mice, which showed increased longevity [8688]. With current knowledge of stem cells, it is feasible to design and test interventions that delay aging and improve both. Rojas-Cartagena C, Flores I, Appleyard CB. As such, skin aging has been quantified using different phenotypes and grading systems, allowing the identification of multiple risk factors by various epidemiological studies9,10. Accessibility Non-modifiable risk factors are associated with intrinsic skin aging and cannot be altered, such as age and gender. Dellagnello C, Leo S, Agostino A, Szabadkai G, Tiveron C, Zulian A, Prelle A, Roubertoux P, Rizzuto R, Zeviani M. Increased longevity and refractoriness to Ca(2+)-dependent neurodegeneration in Surf1 knockout mice. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, official website and that any information you provide is encrypted National Library of Medicine This reviews results will guide future works, such as those aiming to examine the interaction between genetic and environmental influences. The association of alcohol intake was also examined by multiple studies21,23,35,36,57,6570. Eligible articles from this secondary search were subjected to the same citation screening process to obtain additional studies, which when deduplicated and included with the results from the secondary search, yielded a total of 74 eligible articles. Tsukahara K, Osanai O, Kitahara T, Takema Y. As with skin aging and diet associations, no pooled association for skin aging and alcohol consumption could be obtained due to the between-study variation in the quantification of alcohol consumption. [92]. The Instituto Universitario de Oncologa is supported by Obra Social Cajastur, Spain. A progeria mutation reveals functions for lamin A in nuclear assembly, architecture, and chromosome organization. Nonetheless, it appeared that dyspigmentation (or lentigines) and wrinkling on the face were significantly associated with various types of air pollution. Air pollution and the skin. Despite these advancements, there remains a knowledge gap in understanding the association between active aging determinants and quality of life (QoL) among older adults, particularly . The p66shc adaptor protein controls oxidative stress response and life span in mammals. Mutations in proteins that participate in free radical detoxification can also affect variation in aging and life span; the rs4880 and rs1050450 SNP in the MnSOD (manganese superoxide dismutase) and GPX1 (glutathione peroxidase 1) genes, respectively, are associated with age-related diseases [101]. There is a rough consensus that skin aging encompasses several phenotypes such as, but not limited to, wrinkling, pigmentation and telangiectasis38. Overall, most methods of outcome quantification entailed visual assessment by clinicians or researchers according to arbitrary grading scales (Supplementary Table 1), such as the Daniell wrinkling scale33 and the Beagley-Gibson grading scale for SSM26, both of which were used recurrently in different studies. b. Human senescence is a complex process involving genetic and environmental factors that affect most physiological pathways. Kenyon C. The plasticity of aging: insights from long-lived mutants. Rodgers JT, Lerin C, Haas W, Gygi SP, Spiegelman BM, Puigserver P. Nutrient control of glucose homeostasis through a complex of PGC-1alpha and SIRT1. MIDLIFE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE AGING PROCESS: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE December 2017 DOI: Authors: Seema Puri University of Delhi Majida Shaheen University of Delhi D H Pai Panandiker R Sinha. Accessibility The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Flament F, Ye C, Amar D. Assessing the impact of an aerial chronic urban pollution (UP) on some facial signs of differently-aged Chinese men. Pendas AM, Zhou Z, Cadinanos J, Freije JM, Wang J, Hultenby K, Astudillo A, Wernerson A, Rodriguez F, Tryggvason K, Lopez-Otin C. Defective prelamin A processing and muscular and adipocyte alterations in Zmpste24 metalloproteinase-deficient mice.
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