can diclofenac gel cause kidney problems

the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. These problems can happen without warning signs. Kidney disease, severeShould not be used in patients with these conditions. After one month, all the values returned within the normal range with creatinine 1.5 mg/dl and urea 16 mg/dl. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) were scored semi-quantitatively and expressed as a percentage area of the total area. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most commonly prescribed drugs and their nephrotoxic effects are well known. Functional MRI for characterization of renal perfusion impairment and edema formation due to acute kidney injury in different mouse strains. Acute tubular injury (ATI) score is shown in (D). If you think you have become pregnant while using the medicine, tell your doctor right away. Diclofenac is worthy of consideration in mild to moderate cases of CKD. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. He had no pallor, icterus, lymphadenopathy or clubbing but he had pedal edema. Age-related decline in renal blood flow in hypertensive person and volume depletion due to diuretics are further worsened by NSAIDs. This medicine is not for long-term use. However, you should tell your doctor or pharmacist what medicines you are already using, including those bought without a prescription and herbal medicines, before using Voltarol gel, to make sure that the combination is safe. Kidney diseases occur when the. In conclusion, even a single oral dose of diclofenac should be avoided in the setting of pre-existing renal damage. Gr-1 stain for neutrophils was performed on kidney sections of IRI mice treated with vehicle (A), or repetitive doses of 100 mg diclofenac (B) over three days are shown. Before having any kind of surgery or medical tests, tell your doctor that you are using this medicine. If it is almost time to put on your next patch, wait until then to apply a new patch and skip the one you missed. Vehicle treatment after IRI did not result in significant IFTA after two weeks (Figure 2A,D,G). Wear protective clothing, including a hat and sunglasses. Read the leaflet that comes with the gel or talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist if you want any more information about the possible side effects of diclofenac gel. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The increased susceptibility of pre-damaged kidneys to AKI is well recognized clinically and experimentally [31]. Apply the medicine very carefully to clean, dry skin, and avoid getting any in your eyes, nose, or mouth. [3] So, Prostaglandins become critical in maintaining GFR in volume depleted states. Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics. and R.G. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. NSAIDs, Antirheumatic Drugs, Nonopiod Analgesics and Drugs used in Gout. Keywords: Diclofenac, nsaid, chronic kidney disease, pain management, pain. Is it safe to take different medicines together? On presentation, his blood pressure was within normal range but he had marked pedal edema and decreased frequency of micturition. ; methodology, J.S., S.R., M.-S.J., N.S. Publishers Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Stroke, history ofUse with caution. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention. Within one month, on subsequent visit to outpatient department his investigation came within the normal range. Baseline BUN clearance was measured in n = 16 mice. Likelihood score : A (well known cause of clinically apparent liver injury). 8600 Rockville Pike The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the This product is available in the following dosage forms: In deciding to use a medicine, the risks of taking the medicine must be weighed against the good it will do. Kidney problems can sometimes occur with the use of NSAID medications, including diclofenac. Renal morphology of contralateral control kidneys was comparable between groups and the untouched contralateral kidney of the IRI vehicle group is shown here as control. He made this revelation earlier this morning on GTV breakfast show. Burning, itching, redness, skin rash, swelling, or soreness at the application site, increased sensitivity of the skin to sunlight, pain or tenderness around the eyes and cheekbones, skin rash other than at the application site, ulcers or sores on the skin, other than at the application site, sores, ulcers, or white spots on lips or in mouth, burning, crawling, itching, numbness, prickling, "pins and needles", or tingling feelings. For transdermal dosage form (skin patch): AdultsOne patch applied to the painful area 2 times a day. The following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all-inclusive. Check with your doctor right away if you have pain or tenderness in the upper stomach, pale stools, dark urine, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, or yellow eyes or skin. Check with your doctor right away if you notice any of these warning signs. Evaluation of renal function is not feasible in the unilateral IRI model since the healthy contralateral kidney compensates for loss of renal function. Urine proteins were within normal range with total protein 6.8 g/dl (normal 6.0-8.3 g/dl) urine albumin 3.47 g/dl (normal 3.2-5.0 g/dl) and urine globulin 3.34 g/dl (normal 3.2-5.0 g/dl). This includes prescription or nonprescription (over-the-counter [OTC]) medicines and herbal or vitamin supplements. Apply the solution to a clean, dry, intact skin area. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, ischemiareperfusion injury, diclofenac nephrotoxicity. Kidney disease, severeShould not be used in patients with these conditions. Diclofenac treatment in the setting of sham surgery did not cause significant renal damage (E). Diclofenac gel is unlikely to be absorbed into the bloodstream in sufficient amounts to affect other medicines that you're taking by mouth. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Don't use more than the recommended dose of gel. During this period of time: If you have a severe reaction from the sun, check with your doctor. A single dose of 200 mg, but not 100 mg, of diclofenac caused increased renal tissue expression of the pro-fibrotic markers CTGF (Figure 2H) and col1a1 (Figure 2I) 24 h after renal IRI. Diclofenac treatment was performed via oral gavage immediately after the end of surgery (single dose) or on three consecutive days, starting immediately after surgery (repetitive treatment). The pharmacokinetics in mice is 10 times higher than in humans [20,21]. Acute kidney injury; agranulocytosis; alopecia; anaemia; angioedema; anxiety; aplastic anaemia; asthma; chest pain; confusion; constipation; depression; drowsiness; dyspnoea; haemolytic anaemia; haemorrhage; hearing impairment; heart failure; hepatic disorders; hypertension; hypotension; irritability; leucopenia; memory loss; meningitis aseptic . Nephrotoxic cell death by diclofenac and meloxicam. Diclofenac was administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg. Drodal S., Lechowicz K., Szostak B., Rosik J., Kotfis K., Machoy-Mokrzyska A., Biaecka M., Ciechanowski K., Gawroska-Szklarz B. Kidney damage from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugsMyth or truth? Reperfusion was controlled visually. This medicine may cause a delay in ovulation for women and may affect their ability to have children. It is typically used for relief of post-operative pain, trauma, or joint pain and acts through inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and 2, derivatives of the arachidonic acid cycle [11]. . Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Do not stop using this medicine without first checking with your doctor. Wu V.-C., Huang T.-M., Lai C.-F., Shiao C.-C., Lin Y.-F., Chu T.-S., Wu P.-C., Chao C.-T., Wang J.-Y., Kao T.-W., et al. Voltarol gels contain the active ingredient diclofenac diethylammonium, which is a type of medicine called a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). After paraffin embedding, 2 m sections were cut and stained with periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and Masson trichrome according to standard protocols. Who should not use diclofenac sodium gel? Make sure you have discussed the use of a sun block product with your doctor. However, if you are. ); ed.revonnah-hm@hakiaf.releug (F.G.), 2Radiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; ed.revonnah-hm@ajtak.nilred, 3Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; ed.revonnah-hm@nahpets.huhcsnemmi, 4Phenos GmbH, Feodor-Lynen-Str. People with osteoarthritis should see their doctor after four weeks of treatment. Appropriate studies performed to date have not demonstrated geriatric-specific problems that would limit the usefulness of diclofenac topical in the elderly. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001. Chawla L.S., Eggers P.W., Star R.A., Kimmel P.L. Lan R., Geng H., Polichnowski A.J., Singha P.K., Saikumar P., McEwen D.G., Griffin K.A., Koesters R., Weinberg J.M., Bidani A.K., et al. Do not use them if you: Apply a small amount of Voltarol gel to the skin on the painful area. Diclofenac works by stopping an enzyme in the body called cyclo-oxygenase (COX) from working. Problems are more likely to occur if you are dehydrated, have heart failure or kidney disease, are an . [1] Diclofenac is widely used as analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Yokoi H., Sugawara A., Mukoyama M., Mori K., Makino H., Suganami T., Nagae T., Yahata K., Fujinaga Y., Tanaka I., et al. Do not prescribe COX-2 inhibitors, diclofenac, aceclofenac or high dose ibuprofen (more than 2400 mg daily) to people with: A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. Who should not use Voltarol gel? Netdoctor participates in various affiliate marketing programs, which means we may get paid commissions on editorially chosen products purchased through our links to retailer sites. If the reaction is very uncomfortable, check with your doctor. To investigate whether there are early indicators for the development of chronic renal damage, the pro-fibrotic markers CTGF and collagen 1 alpha 1 (coll1a1) were measured in the renal tissue 24 h after renal IRI and vehicle or a single dose of diclofenac treatment, respectively. Call your doctor right away if you have a rash, itching, trouble breathing or swallowing, or any swelling of your hands, face, or mouth while you are using this medicine. Brater DC. Acetaminophen may be considered to treat pain and inflammation during pregnancy. [7] Diclofenac has antagonizing effect on atenolol which decreased its antihypertensive effect which further precipitates ARF. However, a previous study in mice found that plasma diclofenac levels markedly increase 30 min after administration of a single 200 mg dose even though effects of this single diclofenac dose on the kidney have not been investigated [42]. Is it safe to use medicines in pregnancy? Do not use them if you: are under 14 years of age. Voltarol gel should not be used in the third trimester of pregnancy because diclofenac may delay labour, increase the length of labour and cause complications in the newborn baby. In contrast to administration of 200 mg diclofenac, a single oral dose of 100 mg diclofenac did not aggravate AKI and did not cause AKI-to-CKD transition. However, 200 mg diclofenac after IRI significantly increased IFTA as a hallmark of chronic renal damage after renal IRI (Figure 2C,F,G). The untouched contralateral control kidneys did not exhibit significant IFTA in all groups. Sham-operated mice treated with 100 mg of diclofenac over three days (C) and vehicle-treated sham mice (D) served as control. Diclofenac is potentially nephrotoxic and frequently prescribed for pain control. Diclofenac topical 3% gel is also used to treat actinic keratosis, a skin problem that may become cancerous if not treated. If you get this medicine into your eyes, wash the eyes right away with water or saline. Drug interaction, hypertension, volume depleted. Paracrine regulation of the renal microcirculation. Diclofenac caused aggravation of renal damage in a dose-dependent manner. are allergic to any ingredient of the gel. Han Y., Balkrishnan R., Hirth R.A., Hutton D.W., He K., Steffick D.E., Saran R. Assessment of prescription analgesic use in older adults with and without chronic kidney disease and outcomes. These could be symptoms of a serious liver problem. For Voltaren 1% topical gel: After applying this medicine, do not shower, bathe, or wash the affected area for at least 1 hour. Safety and efficacy have not been established. Voltarol gel may make your skin more sensitive to sunlight and increase the risk of sunburn. Rinse the gel out with cold water if you accidentally get it in these areas. Make sure to dispose of it out of the reach of children and pets. [8] This interaction may have had occurred in this case. In this subclinical model, bilateral IRI and vehicle treatment did not significantly reduce BUN clearance (Figure 1E). Diclofenac induced in vivo nephrotoxicity may involve oxidative stress-mediated massive genomic DNA fragmentation and apoptotic cell death. Pediatric Topical forms of diclofenac (solutions, gels, creams, patches) have been associated with only a low rate of serum enzyme elevations (generally less than 1%) that may . Introduction. Treatment with vehicle or a single dose of 100 mg diclofenac after renal IRI only resulted in minor morphological kidney damage (Figure 1A,B,D). The diclofenac doses used here are in the range of those reported by other studies in mice [16,22]. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies The aetiology of AKI is diverse [4,5,6,7,8] and a major cause of AKI is ischemiareperfusion injury (IRI) which often occurs in post-operative settings [8]. This is a decision you and your doctor will make. Voltarol back and muscle pain relief gel contains diclofenac 1.16%, Voltarol osteoarthritis joint pain relief gel contains diclofenac 1.16%. Comparative effect of PGE2 and PGI2 on renal function. Voltarol gels are not suitable for everyone. A single oral dose of 200 mg, but not 100 mg, of diclofenac administered after mild renal IRI aggravated AKI and caused progression to chronic renal damage. Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Required fields are marked *. Inhibition of fibronectin polymerization after experimental ischemic AKI has been shown to attenuate progressive renal fibrosis development in recent work [41], indicating that fibronectin is a potential therapeutic target in the prevention of diclofenac-associated transition of AKI to CKD. IRI was induced by unilateral or bilateral renal pedicle clamping with a microaneurysm clip (Aesculap, Germany) for 15 min. Diclofenac topical 3% gel is also used to treat actinic keratosis, a skin problem that may become cancerous if not treated. Stay out of direct sunlight, especially between the hours of 10 AM and 3 PM, if possible. Stop using Voltarol. trouble breathing. Avoid putting the patch or topical system on areas where it could be rubbed off by tight clothing. However, oral administration of diclofenac in the setting of subclinical AKI caused increased IFTA in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, chronic pre-existing renal damage, including not functionally relevant renal injury, is a risk factor for the development of AKI [2,3]. It will work only if applied correctly. Apply the patch or topical system to a clean, dry, intact skin area. He advised people to rather go to the hospital when they feel sick instead of self-medicating and also to desist from taking pain killers from their colleagues or friends whenever they do not feel well. For osteoarthritis of the hands, elbows, or wrists using Voltaren 1% gel: AdultsApply 2 grams (g) to the affected skin areas four times a day (a total of 8 g each day). When diclofenac is taken by mouth it passes into breast milk in very small amounts that are unlikely to be harmful to a nursing infant. Consistently, diclofenac reduced renal perfusion measured by functional MRI [27] and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in healthy individuals [28]. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001. and transmitted securely. Renal function was studied in a bilateral renal IRI model. For determination of renal function by blood urea nitrogen (BUN), clearance bilateral renal IRI was performed. Masson trichrome-stained whole kidney sections of IRI mice treated with vehicle (A), or a single oral dose of 100 mg diclofenac (B) or 200 mg diclofenac (C) are shown. The acceptance of Diclofenac is partly attributed to being a potent COX-2 inhibitor with the lowest IC50 and its rapid onset of action at lowest effective dose. Copyright: Merative US L.P. 1973, 2023. He L., Wei Q., Liu J., Yi M., Liu Y., Liu H., Sun L., Peng Y., Liu F., Venkatachalam M.A., et al. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them: Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. This explains the apparent differences between the diclofenac doses commonly used in humans and the doses used in mice in this study. [4] In fluid depleted states, prostacyclin (PGI2) mostly affects renal homeostatic mechanisms. The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Wash your hands with soap and water before and after applying a patch or topical system. and R.G. NSAIDs and Kidney. aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen. p-values < 0.05 were accepted as significant. Renal IRI for 35 min in CD1 mice induced overt AKI and progressive renal fibrosis after two weeks [23]. Messerer D.A.C., Halbgebauer R., Nilsson B., Pavenstdt H., Radermacher P., Huber-Lang M. Immunopathophysiology of trauma-related acute kidney injury. James M.T., Grams M.E., Woodward M., Elley C.R., Green J.A., Wheeler D.C., de Jong P., Gansevoort R.T., Levey A.S., Warnock D.G., et al. Diclofenac is potentially nephrotoxic and frequently prescribed for pain control. This medicine may cause harm if swallowed. Taking an NSAID during the last 20 weeks of pregnancy can cause serious heart or kidney problems in the unborn baby and possible complications with your pregnancy. Oates JA, FitzGerald GA, Branch RA, Jackson EK, Knapp HR, Roberts LJ. HypovolemiaMust be corrected first before using this medicine. It may take multiple days of application for significant pain relief. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. Analysis was conducted on a Leica imaging microscope at 200-fold magnification in 10 different view fields per sample. In humans, chronic diclofenac use was associated with increased AKI risk in the general and CKD populations [17,18]). The presence of other medical problems may affect the use of this medicine. Do not use the patch or topical system when you take a bath or shower. The following primers were used: connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) (Qiagen, #QT00096131), collagen 1 alpha 1 (col1a1) (Qiagen, #QT00162204), C-X-C motif chemokine 2 (CXCL2) (Qiagen, #QT00113253) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) (Qiagen #QT00113407). In addition, nephrotoxicity of diclofenac has been demonstrated experimentally in several ex vivo and in vivo models [13,14,15,16]. Diclofenac tablets and capsules can cause an ulcer in your stomach or gut if you take them for a long time or in big doses. Check with your doctor right away if you have bloody urine, a decrease in frequency or amount of urine, an increase in blood pressure, increased thirst, loss of appetite, lower back or side pain, nausea, swelling of the face, fingers, or lower legs, trouble breathing, unusual tiredness or weakness, vomiting, or weight gain. Increased sensitivity of the skin to sunlight (photosensitivity). In the above setting, course with NSAIDs therapy i.e., tablet diclofenac 50 mg three times a day (150 mg/day) was sufficient to precipitate acute renal failure as this dose appears to impair the renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. On the one hand, AKI can progress to CKD [2]. Whelton A, Stout RL, Spilman PS, Klassen DK. Allergic reactions, such as narrowing of the airways that causes difficulty breathing (bronchospasm), swelling of the lips, throat and tongue (angioedema) or severe skin reactions. Acid or sour stomach. Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed. Keep from freezing. Mechanisms of renal fibrosis. Follow the instructions on the medicine label if you are using this medicine without a prescription. May make these conditions worse. Do not use heating pads or cover the treated area with a bandage unless your doctor has told you to. Your email address will not be published. Patrono C, Dunn MJ. Also tell your health care professional if you have any other types of allergies, such as to foods, dyes, preservatives, or animals. If you're using 1.16% Voltarol gel you can apply it three to four times a day. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Doctor Nii Odartey Lamptey who is at the Internal Medicine Department (Korle-bu Teaching Hospital) has disclosed that certain pain killers can cause the kidney to get damaged if taken regularly one of which is the Diclofenac drug. . Using this medicine with any of the following medicines may cause an increased risk of certain side effects, but using both drugs may be the best treatment for you. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). The clinical significance of inhibition of renal prostaglandin synthesis. Moreover, high dose NSAID use was associated with further renal function decline of up to 26% in CKD patients in a recent meta-analysis, although all NSAIDs were investigated as one group and the specific risk of diclofenac was not indicated [19]. This highlights the importance of hydration in post-operative period as well as assessment of co-morbid conditions before administration of NSAIDs to prevent acute renal failure. and R.G. Also, signs of serious heart problems could occur including chest pain or tightness, fast or irregular heartbeat, unusual flushing or warmth of skin, weakness, or slurring of speech. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and chronic kidney disease progression: A systematic review. Renal tissue levels of the injury marker NGAL were determined by qPCR 72 h after renal IRI and repetitive vehicle or diclofenac treatment, respectively. Do not use cosmetics (eg, makeup or sunscreens) or other skin care products on the same skin areas where you have applied this medicine. redness of the skin. Do not use a sunlamp or tanning bed or booth. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs alter renal functions through their effects on renal prostaglandins leading to reversible renal ischemia. It is potentially harmful in patients at risk for renal function impairment. All rights reserved. Role of connective tissue growth factor in profibrotic action of transforming growth factor-beta: A potential target for preventing renal fibrosis. A possible explanation for these differences between the study by Bao and colleagues and our study could be strain-specific differences in the vulnerability to renal injury which have been described previously [23,29,30]. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines. AKI on CKD: Heightened injury, suppressed repair, and the underlying mechanisms. Unilateral IRI with long-term follow-up of two weeks was performed in n = 3 vehicle, in n = 5 mice treated with a single dose of 100 mg, and in n = 4 mice treated with 200 mg diclofenac. Succar L., Pianta T.J., Davidson T., Pickering J.W., Endre Z.H. These are very rare. Clinical implications of prostaglandin and thromboxane A2 formation. The site is secure. Benylin mucus cough & cold relief tablets. Can I take other medicines with oxycodone? Medicines can affect people in different ways. Voltaren is a medicated gel that you can apply to the skin for relief from muscle and joint pain. NetDoctor, part of the Hearst UK wellbeing network. He also had low urine output, low sodium excretion and low urinary osmolality which signifies kidney's decreased ability to concentrate urine. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Will an NSAID Gel for Sore Muscles Harm Your Kidneys? A LightCycler 96 (Roche, Penzberg, Germany) was used to conduct qPCR. You should therefore only take NSAIDs if they have been approved by your kidney doctor. Apply enough medicine each time to cover the entire affected area. Children younger than 6 years of ageUse and dose must be determined by your doctor. Renal IRI can cause cell cycle arrest in tubular cells which in turn produce pro-fibrotic cytokines such as TGF- and the downstream target CTGF [36], ultimately leading to development of post-ischemic kidney fibrosis [8,37]. His respiratory, cardiovascular and central nervous systems were within normal limits. 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Adequate hydration of the patient should be maintained prior to initiation of NSAIDs therapy along with restriction of the dietary salt. Renal morphology and function 24 h after renal ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) and diclofenac treatment. Subclinical AKI and vehicle treatment did not cause major NGAL upregulation, whereas repetitive diclofenac treatment after renal IRI resulted in marked renal NGAL upregulation as a tubular injury marker (Figure 3F). Renal complications of Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Identification and monitoring of those at risk. Villa E., Garcia-Robles R., Haas J., Romero J.C. This medicine comes with a Medication Guide and patient instructions. In intravascular depleted states, renal plasma flow is maintained by a balanced between the vasoconstrictor influence of the reninangiotensin system and the vasodilatory effects of prostaglandins. Sham mice with or without repetitive diclofenac treatment over three days did not exhibit major renal fibronectin expression (Figure 5C,D,E). Signs of high potassium levels like a heartbeat that does not feel normal; feeling confused; feeling weak, lightheaded, or dizzy; feeling like passing out; numbness or tingling; or shortness of breath. a Diclofenac (1% gel) Minor sports soft tissue injuries, acute ankle sprains, knee osteoarthritis and chronic lateral epicondylitis Topical NSAIDs (particularly diclofenac and ibuprofen) are more widely studied than any other agents. Therefore, a bilateral renal IRI model with or without administration of a single diclofenac dose was applied and mice were placed into metabolic cages 24 h after IRI to collect urine and to calculate BUN clearance. ); ed.revonnah-hm@deirfliw.renniwg (W.G. The dose is referred to as 100 mg and 200 mg for convenience. If you are pregnant, you should not take diclofenac topical unless your doctor tells you to. The day/night cycle was 14/10 h. All experiments were approved by the local animal protection committee of the Lower Saxony State department for animal welfare and food protection (14/1657 and 16/2295). n = 45 mice each group are shown. Notably, repetitive diclofenac treatment did not cause renal injury in sham controls (Figure 3C,D,E). Geyer, Renningen, Germany). There was sudden rise of plasma creatinine, urea and potassium. Among the electrolytes, plasma potassium and sodium were 4.9 mEq/L and 133 mEq/L, respectively. Mechanistically, diclofenac inhibits prostaglandin synthesis via inhibition of cyclooxygenase 1 and 2, ultimately leading to renal vasoconstriction [11,25,26]. If you have an injury, or a condition like arthritis, the COX in your body normally makes substances called prostaglandins.
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