Omissions? Open Document. The controversy over the Rugg books led to one of the stormiest and most sensational cases of textbook censorship in the history of American education. Concepts identified as offensive included describing segregation as a problem or, in the words of one Florida legislator, touting the superiority of the Negro race., In the wake of Brown v. Board of Education, conservative groups predictably raged against school integration. "Rugg, Harold, American Life and the School Curriculum: Next - STARS As one boycott leader explained, You dont have to read the textbooks. The Englewood, New Jersey Board of Education, on which Forbes served, found no hint of communism in Rugg's textbooks. But in fact, conservative attacks like these on humanities curricula that discuss race and racism in the United States follow a long-established pattern. Rugg was a cofounder of the National Council for the Social Studies and edited yearbooks for a number of respected educational organizations. Rugg's textbooks are in need of a closer examination about his ideas concerning the plight of African Americans during the early 20 th century. Even in this restricted area, limitations of space require selection. Request Permissions. Curriculum Theorists, Curriculum Visions and Philosophies, Curriculum Contexts and Societal Influences, Historical Inquiry, Philosophical Inquiry-Speculative Essay, Classics of Curriculum Literature, Curriculum Aims and Objectives, Curriculum History, Literature of Curriculum, Secondary School Curriculum, Curriculum Professors, Curriculum Frameworks, To print the citation, use CTRL-P for PC or P for Mac, Home | The fact that the textbooks written by Columbia professor Harold Rugg were widely popular and had been used for years in schools across America did not matter. We work with a variety of scholar editors and sponsoring educational organizations with the intent of sharing with the field the most recent, most provocative, and most progressive thinking in education. With Louise Krueger, Rugg also developed an elementary education (grades one through eight) social studies textbook series in 1939. in solving them. The first section discusses the philosophy of social reconstruction maintaining that teachers and students should be in the forefront of social change. Section II presents Rugg's rationale for his approach, derived from the educational, social, political, economic, and aesthetic experiences he had at Teachers College, Columbia. They were tiredas Moore saidof being called racist merely for insist[ing] on the traditional teaching of English. When it came to conservative outrage, the actual content of the books did not matter. RUGG, HAROLD, ed. He defended himself in That Men May Understand (1941). Encyclopedia.com. His books in these areas were well respected and received but did not have the lasting impact of his curriculum work. Yonkers-on-Hudson, NY: World Book. (Louise Krueger, who had become Rugg's second wife on August 25, 1930they had one childassisted with the preparation of eight of the books.) //curriculum research paper.docx - Running head: CURRICULUM - Course Hero [1], Rugg began teaching at the University of Illinois in 1911 and in 1915, Rugg submitted his dissertation, "The Experimental Determination of Mental Discipline in School Studies." History of Curriculum Thought and Practice - JSTOR Home Its impossible to face history if teachers are always looking over their shoulders. To fill some of these gaps this paper will briefly focus on the Depression . 29 Jun. His early poverty seemed to preclude his attending college. During and after the 1930s Rugg was a leading spokes-person for the reconstructionist point of viewthat is, the view that formal education could, and should, be utilized as an agent of social change. graduate students; and behavioral scientists. Teachers censored themselves. Man and His Changing Society, 6 vols. The curriculum development theory in the educational system in American was impelled and fashioned by the following famous curriculum theorists: "Franklin Bobbitt (1876-1956), Werret Charters (1875-1952), William Kilpatrick (1871-1965), Harold Rugg (1886-1960), Hollis Caswell (1901-1989, and Ralph Tyler (1902-1994). Harold Rugg, in full Harold Ordway Rugg, (born January 17, 1886, Fitchburg, Massachusetts, U.S.died May 17, 1960, Woodstock, New York), American educator who created an influential social studies textbook series, Man and His Changing Society, in the 1920s and whose wide-ranging writings addressed measurement and statistics in education and teac. See also: Curriculum, School; Education Reform; Elementary Education, subentry on History of; Philosophy of Education; Progressive Education; Social Studies Education. "The Development of the Rugg Social Studies Program." An early 20th-century educator and college dean, James Earl Russell (1864-1945) from 1897 to 1927 developed Teachers College into, Charles Hubbard Judd . That Men May Understand. (Anti-CRT activists lump together everything they dont like, from Marxism to Black Lives Matter to progressive education, and call it CRT.) . Graham, Patricia A History of the Progressive Education Association, 1919-1955 (unpublished doctoral dissertation, Russell Library, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1964). With Louise Krueger, Rugg also developed an elementary education (grades one through eight) social studies textbook series in 1939. 29 Jun. See also: CURRICULUM, SCHOOL; EDUCATION REFORM; ELEMENTARY EDUCATION, subentry on HISTORY OF; PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION; PROGRESSIVE EDUCATION; SOCIAL STUDIES EDUCATION. In 1934 he helped organize The Social Frontier, a journal highly regarded for its social and educational analysis from the liberal point of view. NEXT ARTICLE. Hollis Leland Casewell's contributions to the development of the As one opponent declared, I havent read the books, butI have heard of the author, and no good about him. To avoid controversy, the superintendent pulled them from the districts schools. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Rugg, Harold, and Shumaker, Ann. Harold Rugg, a longtime professor of education at Teachers College, Columbia University, was one of the best-known educators during the era of Progressive education in the United States. After his retirement he continued publishing books in education and also served as an educational consultant in Egypt and Puerto Rico. Elsewhere, school boards did more than just pull the books from their shelves. As one teacher remembered, she and her colleagues were terrified by all the chaos. Another teacher remembered checking with her principal before she taught a lesson in biology class about the asexual reproduction of mollusks. Rugg, however, did not get very involved in the duties and tasks of such organizations, instead concentrating on his own research and writing projects. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). From this perspective, CRT is any dangerous drop of doubt that will contaminate comforting white fantasies about Americas past, present, and future. Encyclopedia of Education. Their lead author, Harold Rugg, an engineer turned professor of pedagogy whose intellectual roots lay in the Progressive education movement of the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries, took. Curriculum Inquiry Articles explore important ideas, issues, trends, and problems in education, and each issue also includes provocative and critically analytical editorials covering topics such as curriculum development, educational policy, and teacher education. Corrections? This summers spate of state-level bills aimed at censoring the content of history teaching in public school classroomsbills that have made much of the supposed double threat of critical race theory and the New York Times 1619 Projectmight seem somewhat random. The Social and Educational Thought of Harold Rugg. American educator, college president, and philosopher of education William H. Kilpatrick (1871-1965) was, William Chandler Bagley Apart from his professorship at Teachers College, where he also served as educational psychologist at the experimental Lincoln School, Rugg was involved in a number of other significant educational activities. In 1921 he started work on what was perhaps his most-influential work, Man and His Changing Society. Even if conservative complaints were rote, their activism was literally explosive. In 1922 Rugg assembled a team to create his Social Science Pamphlets, a series of booklets that comprised the social studies materials for junior high school (grades six to eight). Harold Ordway Rugg | Encyclopedia.com By the 1970s, backlash against supposedly progressive curriculums had ossified into predictable outcries about unpatriotic content, which often meant targeting material that dignified Black voices. Opponents also objected to the inclusion of excerpts of work by Black authors such as Eldridge Cleaver and George Jackson. Encyclopedia.com. After earning his Ph.D. he went on to teach at the University of Chicago and later became a professor at Teacher's College at Columbia University. All rights reserved. In the early 1920s Rugg published articles in which he called for the different branches of the social studieshistory, geography, economics, and political scienceto be taught as part of an integrated, coherent program that would be more meaningful for students and less burdensome for teachers. RUGG, HAROLD. Harold Rugg. Although Rugg was trained as an engineer and educational psychologist, his major initial impact was in the field of curriculum. To writers whose articles condemned the Rugg materials, the curriculum that Rugg offered American youth was a "bootlegged" curriculum. Terms of Use, Rural Education - OVERVIEW, INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT, Jean-Jacques Rousseau (17121778) - Social Inequalities, mile, Gender Considerations, Education - Free Encyclopedia Search Engine. In his teachers guides, Rugg encouraged teachers always to ask students, What do you think?. Taken together, these three volumes are a comprehensive statement of Rugg's mature thought. NELSON, MURRY "Rugg, Harold (18861960) Alice Miel (1906-1998) - Career, Contribution - Social, Curriculum Then in the 1920s he was identified with the popular "child-centered" approach to teaching. The journal is published electronically, with each issue posted to the journal's website and files mailed on disk to library and individual subscribers. Over the course of the next fifteen years Rugg and Ginn and Company would sell over 5 million textbooks, and the pattern of creating textbook series became a model in publishing still used in the early twenty-first century. The Child-centered School: An Appraisal of the New Education - Harold Rugg worked briefly as a civil engineer, then taught civil engineering at Milliken University in Decatur, Illinois, where he grew interested in how students learn. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Democracy and the Curriculum. Given the conservative political times in which we work, and the current educational emphases on academic standards, high-stakes standardized testing, and mastery of specified knowledge, and the impact of these developments on social studies education, it . Critical race theory education: How past curriculum panics foreshadowed It was a project that would bring Rugg wealth, notoriety, and ultimately, in some circles, infamy. Bloomington, IL: Public School Publishing. This work had a major impact on Progressive educators and remains an excellent explanation and critique of this topic. Ellwood Patterson Cubberley (1868-1941), an early 20th-century educator and university dean, wrote influential textbooks, James Earl Russell These warnings stoked a fire that had been smoldering for decades. Imagination was published posthumously in 1963 and was the crescendo of his research into the creative process. By the early forties his books fell out of favor due to campaigns run by organizations like the Advertising Federation of America and the American Legion, due to Rugg's junior-high textbooks including concepts considered "pro-socialist" by conservative opponents. Rugg's curriculum and textbooks . by Harold Rugg First published in 1939 1 edition. After completing a Ph.D. in 1915, he took a position as an instructor and researcher at the University of Chicago, focusing his attention on the applications of measurement and statistics in the field of education. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions His contributions to SAGE Publications's. the educational process by encouraging scholarly inquiry related to education Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Section II presents Rugg's rationale for his approach, derived from the educational, social, political,,economici and aesthetic experiences he-had at Teachers College, Columbia. Todays backlash against the alleged teaching of critical race theory in Americas schools, like these earlier flare-ups over humanities curricula, holds the same potential to curb honest reckonings with the American past and present. Such reviews should include conceptualizations, interpretations, and syntheses of literature and scholarly work in a field. By doing so, the textbooksone conservative parent told a school board meetingreduced the English language to the language of the ghetto., Outraged white parents took to the streets to defend their children from exposure to such words and ideas. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. These materials were adapted and published by Ginn and Company starting in 1929. Two of Rugg's textbooks are analyzed in section III. The life and program of the American school. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. This interest inspired him to gain a doctorate in education at the University of Illinois in 1915, and he began a college teaching career at the University of Chicago, where he taught until 1920. Indeed, by virtue of his textbooks Rugg was the only reconstructionist who managed to present his views to significant numbers of students, at least temporarily. Unfortunately, Rugg's junior high textbooks were the subject of censorship efforts headed by the National Association of Manufacturers and the American Legion. Home The work with Thorndike was noteworthy in that it was the first widespread attempt to test adults for aptitudes and intelligence. In this case, a new series of English language arts textbooks had been approved by the state.