2007 Nov-Dec;45(6):573-8. Int J Psychol. For comparison of two coefficients of Cronbach's alpha, a larger sample size is needed when testing for smaller effect sizes. 2020;11:247. The Persian version of DASS-21 showed good psychometric characteristics. Cronbach's Alpha is the most commonly used statistic for determining the internal consistency of measurements, such as items in a questionnaire, exam or survey. Article A simulation approach on Cronbachs alpha statistical significance. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. How School and Home Contexts Impact the School Adjustment of Adolescents from Different Ethnic and SES Backgrounds During COVID-19 School Closures. Zakeri MA, Rahiminezhad E, Salehi F, Ganjeh H, Dehghan M. Burnout, anxiety, stress, and depression among Iranian nurses: before and during the Covid-19 outbreak. But it is not just like that. 2014;8:636. I am primarily a qualitative researcher, so do not usually use statistics in my own work. Saram H. The psychometric properties of Turkish version of depression anxiety stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) in health control and clinical samples. 2020;103(4):1341. The present findings supported the three-factor structure of DASS-21, as reported in previous studies [19, 23, 25, 26, 29, 30, 36]. However, when items are used to form a scale they need to have internal consistency. Soheila Majidi. There are two versions of alpha: the normal and the standardized versions. But that value seems to be completely arbitrary (and was not what Cronbach was suggesting). Participating nurses were asked to send the link to other nurses in their departments and hospitals. Alpha is very sensitive to how many items are included in a scale. 2003. However, setting the coefficient of Cronbach's alpha larger than zero in the null hypothesis could be necessary and this will yield larger sample size. The technique derives from an approach used to test equivalence based on dividing the items in a scale into two subsets*, and seeing whether analysis of the two subsets gives comparable results so one could see if the result from the 'second' measure reliably reproduced that from the 'first' (but of course the ordering of the two calculations is arbitrary, and the two subsets of items were actually administered at the same time as part of a single scale). 2020;34:8. Although the DASS-21 has also been translated and validated among non-clinical Iranian samples [30], its Persian version has not been validated for the healthcare professions, especially nurses. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. 2019;75(12):360918. Health measurement scales: a practical guide to their development and use. The majority of the participants were female (75.7%), had shift work (77.4%), and had a bachelors degree (91.4%). State of Palestine: United Nations Population Fund Palestine; 2016. EK and SM designed and conducted the study, performed the analysis and drafted the manuscript. J Youth Adolesc. The original study reported the high reliability of DASS-21, Cronbachs Alpha coefficients for depression, anxiety, and stress were reported as 0.91, 0.84, and 0.90, respectively [19]. Also, 2/df was higher than the cutoff point (2/df=7.83) [25, 38, 40, 42, 43]. The ball weighed 7 kg. The corrected item-total correlations were above 0.59 for the items of all subscales. Motivation, money and respect: a mixed-method study of Tanzanian non-physician clinicians. The coefficients for the correlations of subscales were as follows: 0.77 for depression and anxiety; 0.83 for depression and stress; and 0.82 for anxiety and stress. [1] [2] [3] Moghanibashi-Mansourieh A. Assessing the anxiety level of Iranian general population during COVID-19 outbreak. Tran TD, Tran T, Fisher J. Validation of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) 21 as a screening instrument for depression and anxiety in a rural community-based cohort of northern Vietnamese women. Psychometric properties and validation of Nepali version of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS-21). The Minitab output provides some useful descriptive statistics, including the sample size for each item (the "Total Count" column), as well as the mean and standard deviation (the "Mean" and "StDev" columns).You are also provided with the Cronbach's alpha () score, which in our example is 0.8230 (the Cronbach's Alpha row), indicating a high level of internal consistency for our scale. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Table5 presents the correlations (r) between the subscales of the Persian DASS-21. However, 1135 nurses participated in the current study during the data collection period. Association of cannabis use in adolescence and risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in young adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. For comparison of two coefficients' of Cronbach's alpha, justification is needed whether testing for extremely low and extremely large effect sizes are scientifically necessary. In particular studies would often cite alpha for broad features like 'understanding of chemistry' where it seems obvious that we would not expect understanding of pH, understanding of resonance in benzene, understanding of oxidation numbers, and understanding of the mass spectrometer, to be the 'same' thing (or if they are, we could save a lot of time and effort by reducing exams to a single question!). In other words, it measures how well a set of variables or items measures a single, one-dimensional latent aspect of individuals. 2020;51:102076. Calculating, interpreting, and reporting Cronbachs alpha reliability coefficient for Likert-type scales. Polit DF, Yang F. Measurement and the measurement of change: a primer for the health professions. 2020;13:71. AMOS: Sage; 2012. It is reported in nearly every study that involves measuring a . 1995;33(3):33543. By using this website, you agree to our The data thus gathered are in big-5.sav, partly shown below. So alpha should be 1, as high as it can get. Cronbach's alpha can take values between 0 and 1. Additionally, a recent study focusing on comparison levels of depression, anxiety, and stress between nurses in the frontline and the second line of care delivery during the COVID-19 concluded that frontline line nurses had significantly higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress [11]. Could you please help me in my understanding of the usage of Cronbach alpha for the context I have mentioned. Johnson J, Louch G, Dunning A, Johnson O, Grange A, Reynolds C, et al. Who has the right to call someone 'White'? Cronbach's alpha does come with some limitations: scores that have a low number of items associated with them tend to have lower reliability, and sample size can also influence your results for better or worse. One answer to each question can be submitted via phone or computer account. Moreover, the CFI measured in our study (0.917) was above the cutoff point, indicating a satisfactory model fit. The construct validity of the Persian DASS-21 was satisfactory based on the CFA, and all fit indexes of the model were acceptable. Cronbach's alpha generally increases when the correlations between the items increase. The high prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress is associated with worse patient care safety and health care quality [14], higher occurrence of adverse events [15]. Some professionals insist on a reliability score of 0.70 or higher in order to use a psychometric instrument. Evaluating the adoption of cybersecurity and its influence on organizational performance. Book Any updated procedure to report Cronbach's Alpha and reliability coefficient for Likert-type Scales? Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that more than 300 million people suffer from depression worldwide. Carmines EG, Zeller RA. Google Scholar. This article explores how this statistic is used in reporting science education research and what it represents. Reliability studies are commonly used in questionnaire development studies and questionnaire validation studies. Google Scholar. On the other hand, the COVID-19 pandemic has an important role in the well-being of healthcare professionals, especially nurses [16]. (June 2022) This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. DASS-21 has been translated into more than 40 languages, including Turkish, Greek, Malaysian, Korean, Vietnamese, and Brazilian Portuguese [23, 24, 27,28,29]. The mean experience of the participants in nursing was 9.67.3years. Kakemam E, Raeissi P, Raoofi S, Soltani A, Sokhanvar M, Visentin DC, et al. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The authors want to thank the nurses who participated in the study. Besides, corrected item-total correlations of the three subscales were calculated, which represent the correlation of each item with its subscale when the item is removed. Emeritus Professor of Science Education at the University of Cambridge. Except for the AGFI, the fit indices were lower than the cutoff points in our study. Cronbach's alpha quantifies the level of agreement on a standardized 0 to 1 scale. Pol Methodol. Third, each item has no "right" answer, which makes the summated rating scale different . PubMed Central Epub 2023 Apr 27. Salari N, Khazaie H, Hosseinian-Far A, Khaledi-Paveh B, Kazeminia M, Mohammadi M, et al. Cronbach's alpha coefficient measures the internal consistency, or reliability, of a set of survey items. Psychometrika. 2021;9:18. An ICC above 0.7 indicates an acceptable test-retest reliability [37]. Based on a chi-square test of goodness of fit, 2 (4) = 11.34, p = .023, the sample's distribution of religious affiliations matched that of the population's. PubMed Central It should only be applied to a scale intended to measure a unidimensional factor something it is assumed can be treated a single underlying variable (perhaps 'confidence in physics learning', 'enjoyment of school science practicals', or 'attitude to genetic medicine'). Asian J Psychiatr. I felt it would be useful to write a paper that both highlighted the issues and offered guidance on good practice in applying and reporting alpha. Conclusions: Br J Guid Counsell. An official website of the United States government. Oh well, I think it was Oscar Wilde who said there is only one thing in academic life worse than being miscited, Former school and college science teacher, teacher educator, research supervisor, and research methods lecturer. It is a statistic that tests for internal consistency in scales. Nurs Forum. (1989) New York: Oxford University Press (pages 64-65). 2019;76(4):42634. In this nationwide cross-sectional study, a convenience sampling method was applied. Kakemam, E., Navvabi, E., Albelbeisi, A.H. et al. Work. Hello Keith, Asian J Psychiatr. This means that. Jamali J, Roustaei N, Ayatollahi SMT, Sadeghi E. Factors affecting minor psychiatric disorder in southern Iranian nurses: a latent class regression analysis. Required fields are marked *. Besides, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to assess the test-retest reliability. I still think the paper would have made a contribution without the survey BUT the extra work did strengthen paper. Earning a higher doctorate without doing any research? First COVID-19 suicide case in Bangladesh due to fear of COVID-19 and xenophobia: possible suicide prevention strategies. We did not use exploratory factor analysis (EFA) because as far as we knew, DASS-21 was developed using EFA [19]. Kim J, Kim S, Lee E, Kwon H, Lee J, Bae H. The effect of the reformed nurse staffing policy on employment of nurses in Korea.