DecapsulationDecapsulation is the process of stripping off one layer's headers and passing the rest of the packet up to the next higher layer on the protocol stack. Security exploits use root access as an easy entry point for malware, and In other words, convert the cipher text to plaintext without knowing the key. PharmingThis is a more sophisticated form of MITM attack. , , , Test your vocabulary with our fun image quizzes, Clear explanations of natural written and spoken English. Threat ModelA threat model is used to describe a given threat and the harm it could to do a system if it has a vulnerability. EavesdroppingEavesdropping is simply listening to a private conversation which may reveal information which can provide access to a facility or network. Offsite data backup tapes might be obtained and delivered to the hot site to help restore operations. Our security arrangements do include the provision of armed security. HopsA hop is each exchange with a gateway a packet takes on its way to the destination. PreambleA preamble is a signal used in network communications to synchronize the transmission timing between two or more systems. Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)The Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol uses a challenge/response authentication mechanism where the response varies every challenge to prevent replay attacks. Boot Record InfectorA boot record infector is a piece of malware that inserts malicious code into the boot sector of a disk. TLS is the successor to the Secure Sockets Layer. By doing this repeatedly, all available processes on the machine can be taken up. A preamble defines a specific series of transmission pulses that is understood by communicating systems to mean "someone is about to transmit data". WindowingA windowing system is a system for sharing a computer's graphical display presentation resources among multiple applications at the same time. A router usually receives a packet from a network and decides where to forward it on a second network. AuditingAuditing is the information gathering correlation between each MAC address and its corresponding IP address. ClientA system entity that requests and uses a service provided by another system entity, called a "server." When a server and client communicate, TLS ensures that no third party may eavesdrop or tamper with any message. Dynamic Routing ProtocolAllows network devices to learn routes. DMZ's provide either a transit mechanism from a secure source to an insecure destination or from an insecure source to a more secure destination. Incident HandlingIncident Handling is an action plan for dealing with intrusions, cyber-theft, denial of service, fire, floods, and other security-related events. What is a rooted phone? Should you root your phone? TunnelA communication channel created in a computer network by encapsulating a communication protocol's data packets in (on top of) a second protocol that normally would be carried above, or at the same layer as, the first one. PayloadPayload is the actual application data a packet contains. Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)The generic term for all types of names and addresses that refer to objects on the World Wide Web. Digest AuthenticationDigest Authentication allows a web client to compute MD5 hashes of the password to prove it has the password. CryptanalysisThe mathematical science that deals with analysis of a cryptographic system in order to gain knowledge needed to break or circumvent the protection that the system is designed to provide. Changing the pointers on a DNS server, the URL can be redirected to send traffic to the IP of the pseudo website. When a new machine is set up, its RARP client program requests from the RARP server on the router to be sent its IP address. There are other character encoding schemes, but ASCII is the most prevalent. Almost all users use a URL like www.worldbank.com instead of the real IP (192.86.99.140) of the website. Request for Comment (RFC)A series of notes about the Internet, started in 1969 (when the Internet was the ARPANET). TCP guarantees delivery of data and also guarantees that packets will be delivered in the same order in which they were sent. Intrusion DetectionA security management system for computers and networks. FloodingAn attack that attempts to cause a failure in (especially, in the security of) a computer system or other data processing entity by providing more input than the entity can process properly. Each communicating user or program is at a computer equipped with these seven layers of function. At this stage security is related to near system is also sometimes referred to as a routing domain. Also see "fuzzing". SyslogSyslog is the system logging facility for Unix systems. Unprotected ShareIn Windows terminology, a "share" is a mechanism that allows a user to connect to file systems and printers on other systems. The routing daemon updates the kernel's routing table with information it receives from neighbor routers. Reverse EngineeringAcquiring sensitive data by disassembling and analyzing the design of a system component. Wiki User. The small program that lets the larger program communicate with a specific device such as a printer or scanner is often packaged as a DLL program (usually referred to as a DLL file). Digital CertificateA digital certificate is an electronic "credit card" that establishes your credentials when doing business or other transactions on the Web. Discretionary Access Control (DAC)Discretionary Access Control consists of something the user can manage, such as a document password. FingerprintingSending strange packets to a system in order to gauge how it responds to determine the operating system. Unlike TCP/IP, UDP/IP provides very few error recovery services, offering instead a direct way to send and receive datagrams over an IP network. something that secures or makes safe; protection; An HTTP server, when sending data to a client, may send along a cookie, which the client retains after the HTTP connection closes. Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)A framework that supports multiple, optional authentication mechanisms for PPP, including clear-text passwords, challenge-response, and arbitrary dialog sequences. What is the root word of security? - Quora - A place to An autonomous Network monitoring offers several advantages over traditional host-based intrusion detection systems. Natural DisasterAny "act of God" (e.g., fire, flood, earthquake, lightning, or wind) that disables a system component. Competitive IntelligenceCompetitive Intelligence is espionage using legal, or at least not obviously illegal, means. Digital EnvelopeA digital envelope is an encrypted message with the encrypted session key. Generally, a compromised machine is only one of many in a botnet, and will be used to perform malicious tasks of one sort or another under remote direction. The attack is a type of eavesdropping in which the attacker intercepts and then controls the entire conversation. False RejectsFalse Rejects are when an authentication system fails to recognize a valid user. Protocols exist at several levels in a telecommunication connection. This is generally accomplished by placing the network interface card in promiscuous mode to capture all network traffic that crosses its network segment. SocketThe socket tells a host's IP stack where to plug in a data stream so that it connects to the right application. WebThe root loc is easily recalled through the word place, since a place is simply a location where something or someone is. It uses inodes (pointers) and data blocks. What is the root word of secure? - Is the risk acceptable? The GNU project was started in 1983 by Richard Stallman and others, who formed the Free Software Foundation. In some cases, a screened subnet which is used for servers accessible from the outside is referred to as a DMZ. Straight-Through CableA straight-through cable is where the pins on one side of the connector are wired to the same pins on the other end. Because many intrusions occur over networks at some point, and because networks are increasingly becoming the targets of attack, these techniques are an excellent method of detecting many attacks which may be missed by host-based intrusion detection mechanisms. HardeningHardening is the process of identifying and fixing vulnerabilities on a system. In some cases, a "zero day" exploit is referred to an exploit for which no patch is available yet. username and password with each request. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)A protocol for communication between two computers using a serial interface, typically a personal computer connected by phone line to a server. Devices are connected to the cable and compete for access using a CSMA/CD protocol. On the Internet, a domain consists of a set of network addresses. How to use secure in a sentence. HubA hub is a network device that operates by repeating data that it receives on one port to all the other ports. one that can be implemented by a computer. War DrivingWar driving is the process of traveling around looking for wireless access point signals that can be used to get network access. Of course, the user must first enter this information into the system. PermutationPermutation keeps the same letters but changes the position within a text to scramble the message. Webby Craig Shrives What Is a Word Root? World Wide Web ("the Web", WWW, W3)The global, hypermedia-based collection of information and services that is available on Internet servers and is accessed by browsers using Hypertext Transfer Protocol and other information retrieval mechanisms. Asymmetric CryptographyPublic-key cryptography; A This is because an Internet header may be up to 60 octets, and the minimum fragment is 8 octets. The first channel is a more developed capital market resulting from pension reforms, thus making the issuing of securities cheaper. SwitchA switch is a networking device that keeps track of MAC addresses attached to each of its ports so that data is only transmitted on the ports that are the intended recipient of the data. SpoofAttempt by an unauthorized entity to gain access to a system by posing as an authorized user. An attacker assumes you're running vulnerable services that can be used to break into the machine. Non-Printable CharacterA character that doesn't have a corresponding character letter to its corresponding ASCII code. tickets. Access Management AccessManagement is the The use of special paper and printing techniques provide, Project managers must then make sure that both hardware and software components of the system are being tested thoroughly and that. The routers must communicate using a routing protocol, of which there are many to choose from. FingerA protocol to lookup user information on a given host. ensure, insure, assure, secure mean to make a thing or person sure. Typically developers will create a set of regression tests that are executed before a new version of a software is released. Many e-mail programs now have a finger utility built into them. State MachineA system that moves through a series of progressive conditions. * Warm site. Identity Root - NIST Computer Security Resource Center | CSRC Layer 4: The transport layerThis layer manages the end-to-end control (for example, determining whether all packets have arrived) and error-checking. This is referred to as Private Address Space and is defined in RFC 1918. No data synchronization occurs between the primary and cold site, and could result in significant data loss. Help keep the cyber community one step ahead of threats. identities of the system entities that are permitted to access the EncapsulationThe inclusion of one data structure within another structure so that the first data structure is hidden for the time being. An IP version 4 address is written as a series of four 8-bit numbers separated by periods. RansomwareA type of malware that is a form of extortion. Packets are considered to be of interest if they match a signature.Network-based intrusion detection passively monitors network activity for indications of attacks. communication channel to pass data through the channel in a given Send us feedback about these examples. compromise to give an attacker easier access to the compromised system Want this question answered? Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)An inter-autonomous What word ends with lock? Race ConditionA race condition exploits the small window of time between a security control being applied and when the service is used. The network layer does routing and forwarding. As digital circuits can only understand binary, inputs and outputs can assume only one of two states, 0 or 1. What is another word for security? - Thesaurus and Word Tools Session KeyIn the context of symmetric encryption, a key that is temporary or is used for a relatively short period of time. Cryptographic Algorithm or HashAn algorithm that employs the science of cryptography, including encryption algorithms, cryptographic hash algorithms, digital signature algorithms, and key agreement algorithms. the pair for different steps of the algorithm. On a PC, you can often add non-printable characters by holding down the Alt key, and typing in the decimal value (i.e., Alt-007 gets you a bell). Computer NetworkA collection of host computers together with the sub-network or inter-network through which they can exchange data. Formerly known as the National Bureau of Standards, NIST promotes and maintains measurement standards. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) is a protocol by which a physical machine in a local area network can request to learn its IP address from a gateway server's Address Resolution Protocol table or cache. Note 2: The common types of network topology are illustrated. DNS is used for domain name to InterruptAn Interrupt is a signal that informs the OS that something has occurred. AlgorithmA finite set of step-by-step The client side of SOCKS is built into certain Web browsers and the server side can be added to a proxy server. Post Office Protocol, Version 3 (POP3)An Internet Standard protocol by which a client workstation can dynamically access a mailbox on a server host to retrieve mail messages that the server has received and is holding for the client. for the Internet and is the protocol used between Internet service Token-Based DevicesA token-based device is triggered by the time of day, so every minute the password changes, requiring the user to have the token with them when they log in. Also see "hash functions" and "sha1". Find the definition of the most commonly used cyber security terms in our glossary below. User Contingency PlanUser contingency plan is the alternative methods of continuing business operations if IT systems are unavailable. Hijack AttackA form of active wiretapping in which the attacker seizes control of a previously established communication association. HTTP ProxyAn HTTP Proxy is a server that acts as a middleman in the communication between HTTP clients and servers. SECURITY - Cambridge Dictionary | English Dictionary, Layer 1: The physical layerThis layer conveys the bit stream through the network at the electrical and mechanical level. (Most of the time.). Access ControlAccess Control ensures that resources are only granted to those users who are entitled to them. SOCKS uses sockets to represent and keep track of individual connections. (prefix) (root) (suffix) around. ExposureA threat action whereby sensitive data is directly released to an unauthorized entity. rootkit cure si-kyur -kyr securer; securest Synonyms of secure 1 a : free from danger b : affording safety a secure hideaway c : trustworthy, dependable a secure foundation d : CorruptionA threat action that undesirably alters system operation by adversely modifying system functions or data. workstation. IncidentAn incident as an adverse network event in an information system or network or the threat of the occurrence of such an event. Hybrid AttackA Hybrid Attack builds on the dictionary attack method by adding numerals and symbols to dictionary words. Practical Extraction and Reporting Language (Perl)A script programming language that is similar in syntax to the C language and that includes a number of popular Unix facilities such as sed, awk, and tr. Failover occurs within minutes or hours, following a disaster. PatchA patch is a small update released by a software manufacturer to fix bugs in existing programs. Circuit Switched NetworkA circuit switched network is where a single continuous physical circuit connected two endpoints where the route was immutable once set up. ForestA forest is a set of Active Directory domains that replicate their databases with each other. two basic mechanisms for implementing this service are ACLs and Cache PoisoningMalicious or misleading data from a remote name server is saved [cached] by another name server. Greek and Latin Root Words Strong Star PropertyIn Strong Star Property, a user cannot write data to higher or lower classifications levels than their own. Access Control List (ACL)A mechanism that Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA)An algorithm for asymmetric cryptography, invented in 1977 by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman. Form-Based AuthenticationForm-Based Authentication uses forms on a webpage to ask a user to input username and password information. Having different information or activities in multiple windows may also make it easier for you to do your work. BridgeA product that connects a local area Buffer OverflowA buffer overflow occurs when a Radiation MonitoringRadiation monitoring is the process of receiving images, data, or audio from an unprotected source by listening to radiation signals. Some common English vocabulary words that come from this word root include dict ionary, Crossover CableA crossover cable reverses the pairs of cables at the other end and can be used to connect devices directly together. Most owners of zombie computers are unaware that their system is being used in this way. Static RoutingStatic routing means that routing table entries contain information that does not change. To save this word, you'll need to log in. WebAdd to word list. RootRoot is the name of the administrator account in Unix systems. The existence (and the creation) of multiple agents as in the cases of energy and securities tends to increase the control capacity of the principal. Basic telecommunications, telephone and utility connectivity might need turning on to continue some, but not all primary site operations. Learn more about how SANS empowers and educates current and future cybersecurity practitioners with knowledge and skills. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)A PKI (public key infrastructure) enables users of a basically unsecured public network such as the Internet to securely and privately exchange data and money through the use of a public and a private cryptographic key pair that is obtained and shared through a trusted authority. An IDS gathers and analyzes information from various areas within a computer or a network to identify possible security breaches, which include both intrusions (attacks from outside the organization) and misuse (attacks from within the organization). One-Way FunctionA (mathematical) function, f, which is easy to compute the output based on a given input. In some cases, the server may itself be a client of some other server. Session HijackingTake over a session that someone else has established. Network-based IDS involves looking at the packets on the network as they pass by some sensor. Simple Security PropertyIn Simple Security Property a user cannot read data of a higher classification than their own. Separation of DutiesSeparation of duties is the principle of splitting privileges among multiple individuals or systems. For example by changing the amount of hard drive space that is available on a file server can be used to communicate information. A dictionary attack uses a predefined list of words compared to a brute force attack that tries all possible combinations. Information WarfareInformation Warfare is the competition between offensive and defensive players over information resources.