These and other biological changes, like perimenopause and menstrual cycles, can all lead to hormonal fluctuations. Higher scores indicate more symptoms of depression. When you have major depression during your pregnancy or after delivery, you could be experiencing peripartum depression (during) or postpartum depression (PPD) (after). It may help patients with cancer gain insight into the meaning of life [18]. Further, women who reported alcohol misuse were more likely to have had a recent rape event (p=0.002) and to report at least one episode of NPSV (p<0.001). Any IPV (OR: 2.01; 95%CI: 1.592.54), physical (OR: 2.15; 95%CI: 1.722.69), emotional (OR: 1.61; 95%CI: 1.302.01) and economic IPV (OR: 1.35; 95%CI: 1.031.78), and number of IPV types (OR: 1.26; 95%CI: 1.161.37) were independently associated with alcohol misuse after adjusting for potential confounders. The Alabama Preliminary research suggested that MBCT might be a more effective intervention than MBSR for reducing pain in women undergoing breast cancer treatment. Accessed 4 Feb 2022. The two authors searched for all studies published before December 2021 in various databases, including Embase, PubMed, PubMed Central (PMC), CINAHL, and PsycINFO. While anxiety isnt the same as depression, it can happen alongside a depressive episode. Data were analysed using R statistical software version 3.6.0 (2019-04-26). 2017 Sep;7(9):e017296. Some of these differences might be explained by these studies possibly being underpowered to detect associations between alcohol misuse and GBV due to low rates of alcohol misuse in the study samples, smaller sample sizes, and missing data. Anxiety and posttraumatic stress symptom pathways to substance use problems among community women experiencing intimate partner violence. WebPostnatal depressive symptoms were found to affect one in five Rwandan women. de Souza BF, et al. Understanding your triggers and having a relapse plan will help you prevent one from happening. Addict Behav reports. In terms of short-term effects, the results exhibited heterogeneity (P=0.007, I2=86%). Item responses were summed for a composite score, with higher scores indicating greater exposure to traumatic events. Treating Depression: What Are My Options? Loss of interest or pleasure in most or all normal activities, such as sex, hobbies or sports. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. WebWhat are the symptoms of depression? Lifetime non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) exposure: Four questions explored experiences of sexual violence by non-partners (Cronbach =0.70). The interview-administered questionnaires were translated into isiZulu using standard forward and backward translation by research staff and post graduate students respectively. J Psychopathol Clin Sci. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. 2011;343:d5928. The indirect, direct and total effects (probit regression co-efficients) and the 95% confidence intervals were estimated using the diagonally weighted least squares estimation method. This cross-sectional study found that CM, IPV, NPSV and other traumatic exposures were positively associated with alcohol misuse among South African women. 2020 Mar;17(7). These include genetic issues, physical problems, and social factors. Movement speaks of culture: A study focusing on women with depression in Taiwan. 80313. A score20 defined the presence of PTSS. The latter category included participants who reported no or low-risk use. Qual Life Res. 2003 Feb;27(2):16990. Millions of adults suffer from depression in the United States daily. In parallel analyses, very similar results were found for the effects of the severity of exposure to CM, IPV and NPSV on alcohol misuse (Table4). Rape survivors in South Africa: analysis of the baseline socio-demographic and health characteristics of a rape cohort. According to Jason Hunziker, MD, division chief of adult psychiatry at Huntsman Mental Health Institute, there are various reasons men are less likely to recognize and seek treatment for depression. You may experience an increase in appetite, and with it, an increase in weight. 28, CI=0.11; 0.72, p=0.007) or good health (AOR=0.14, CI=0.05; 0.37, p=0.001) were less likely to be affected. 2021 May;116:106833. The following are methods men can use to reduce depression: Trade and brand names are given for information purposes only. A study demonstrated that a symptom cluster of anxiety, depression, fatigue, and pain adversely affected the QOL of women with breast cancer who were receiving radiotherapy or chemotherapy . Does your low mood come with feelings of hopelessness and less interest in activities that used to bring you happiness? On the other hand, our findings suggest the need for additional studies to directly compare the effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on anxiety and depression in patients with breast cancer. Support Care Cancer. Table1 presents key participant characteristics by alcohol misuse. The basic features of 13 trials (10 RCTs and 3 non-RCTs) are presented in Table 1. CAS Effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on breast cancer survivors with insomnia: A randomised controlled trial. Can J Psychiatry. There are many signs and symptoms of depression, and everyone's experience will vary. Heterogeneous results (P=0.04, I2=68%) were obtained, leading us to employ a random effects model. But a small number of females have severe and disabling symptoms that disrupt their studies, jobs, relationships or other areas of their lives. Hunziker has many tips to help men get started on the right path. For each IPV type, item responses were summed and then recoded as yes, present or no, not present. 3 (C)]. 2017 Aug;2(8):e35666. There are many signs and symptoms of depression, and everyone's experience will vary. Johannsen M, et al. The mediation analyses were conducted using package Laavan (http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lavaanaccessed on 17-September-2021). Here's what research and experts say. Understanding where your depression is coming from can help you find the right care strategy for you: Biology and hormones can play into depression for anyone. Vachon E, et al. Dimensions of childhood trauma and their direct and indirect links to PTSD, impaired control over drinking, and alcohol-related-problems. 2018;110(12):131127. Getu MA, et al. The presence or absence of each CM type was assessed. PubMed In South Africa, recent research suggests that a quarter of women aged 15 years and older consume alcohol and one-third of these binge drink (that is consume6 drinks in one sitting) [1]. The PICOS (participants, interventions, comparators, outcomes, and study type) framework was employed to establish the inclusion criteria for both RCT and non-RCT studies, without any language restrictions, to encompass all relevant studies. Keywords: Figure2 presented a summary of our quality assessments. GBV is highly prevalent among South African women, with a study of 511 women in Gauteng reporting that 50% of women experienced lifetime and 18% past year intimate partner violence (IPV) [8], and 49% with mental health or alcohol-related problems as a result of this violence [8]. Myers B, Lombard CJ, Lund C, Joska JA, Levitt N, Naledi T, et al. Mother, wife, employee, friend, healer, caregiver, and the list goes on. Lancet Public Heal. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 2007 Jul;31(7):120817. Addict Behav. Psychooncology. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33394071. These results indicated that the improvements in QOL had been clinically significant [17]. Compr Psychiatry. This could be due to hormonal fluctuations and differences in societal expectations between women and men. 2013;21(11):300919. Medication, therapy, brain stimulation techniques, or self-help strategies could work for you. But a small number of females have severe and disabling symptoms that disrupt their studies, jobs, relationships or other areas of their lives. Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. We used this standard cut-off to categorize participants into those with alcohol misuse (scores3) and those without (scores<3). Stafford L, et al. BMC Psychiatry [Internet]. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Of 1615 women included, 498 (31%) reported alcohol misuse (Table1). Comparison of the acceptability and benefits of two mindfulness-based interventions in women with breast or gynecologic cancer: a pilot study. Bisseling EM, et al. One strength of our meta-analysis was that in terms of immediate outcomes, it revealed that MBCT helped to reduce anxiety, depression, and pain and increase mindfulness. Early interventions targeting mothers in the postnatal period and strengthened social support networks for women at risk should be developed. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Many women report a loss of interest or motivation related to activities they used to enjoy. Google Scholar. The RICE study recruited two cohorts of women. Genetics factors in major depression disease. WebSymptoms of Depression ; Forms of Depression . To meet the criteria for MDD, youll need to have experienced symptoms for at least 2 weeks. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, 7505 and Durban, P.O. Part of If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Baseline data were collected between August 2014 and March 2019 by trained female staff who administered interview-based questionnaires in the participants preferred language (isiZulu, English) using an electronic data capturing and management tool (Bryant System). However, gaps in our understanding of the relationship between GBV, mental health, and alcohol misuse have hampered the design of these interventions. 2009;36(4):E20514. Similarly, except for sexual IPV, a greater proportion of women reporting alcohol misuse were exposed to all types of IPV (all ps0.020), compared to women who reported no alcohol misuse (Table3). London, England: Lancet; 2022 Feb. pp. Associations between Mental Health, Alcohol Consumption and drinking motives during COVID-19 second lockdown in Ireland. Women with breast cancer taking chemotherapy: depression symptoms and treatment adherence. 2008;26(5):76877. Some people with depression do not feel sadness at all. Postnatal depressive symptoms were found to affect one in five Rwandan women. Tran TXM, et al. While the core symptoms of depression, such as consistent sadness, loss of interest in activities, and difficulty concentrating, are common to both genders, men may exhibit certain signs that are less typical or less recognized as symptoms of depression, Hunziker explains. In this study, internal reliability for the scale was good (Cronbach =0.80). The authors declare no competing interests. Posttraumatic stress disorder and the incidence of nicotine, alcohol, and other drug disorders in persons who have experienced trauma. 2020;14(1):2630. We also controlled for the experience of rape in all our analyses. Jewkes R, Nduna M, Levin J, Jama N, Dunkle K, Khuzwayo N, et al. Lots of people walk through life trying to hide behind a smile. Springer Nature. Depression is more common in women than men. Our study's results were consistent with previous meta-analyses that demonstrated the beneficial effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on major depression and anxiety symptoms when compared to control conditions [35, 38]. Symptoms of depression include the following: Feeling sad, tearful, low, guilty, or empty; Losing enjoyment in pleasurable activities; Appetite or weight changes; Too little or too much sleep; Feeling agitated or tired; Having trouble concentrating; Methods to Reduce Depression Importantly, our findings suggest that PTSS but not depression partially mediates the relationship between alcohol misuse and exposure to any CM, IPV and NPSV, exposure to other traumatic experiences, as well as severity of these exposures. In the control group, women who have never experienced a rape (non-rape exposed) were recruited from family planning and well-baby clinic services in the same locality as the rape services. Participants responded to these items using a 4-point scale. 2016;188(14):E352-e361. Symptoms May Differ from Those of Women Symptoms among men may be different from those that women often exhibit. Higgins JP, et al. WebSymptoms of Depression ; Forms of Depression . Correction: The effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on the quality of life of breast cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Palliat Med. Any CM (OR: 1.59; 95%CI: 1.271.99), as well as exposure to sexual (OR: 1.42; 95%CI: 1.041.94), physical (OR: 1.39; 95%CI: 1.121.72) and emotional CM (OR: 1.31; 95%CI: 1.041.66), and number of CM types (OR: 1.17; 95%CI: 1.071.29) were independently associated with alcohol misuse. JMIR Ment Health. Hearn JH, Finlay KA. 2004 Dec;11(4):33041. Your US state privacy rights, The investigation of the mediating role of coping trategies on the relationship between childhood traumas, depression and alcohol use disorder in university students. Google Scholar. PTSS partially mediated the associations of CM, IPV, NPSV and other trauma exposures with alcohol misuse (ps0.04 for indirect effects), but depression symptoms did not. PubMed Breslau N. Epidemiologic studies of trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and other psychiatric disorders. Jewkes RK, Dunkle K, Nduna M, Jama PN, Puren A. Copyright: 2023 Umuziga, Gishoma, Hynie, Nyirazinyoye and Nsereko. Evidence suggests that breast cancer survivors at any stage often experience fear of cancer recurrence (FCR), which may negatively affect their QOL [ Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Positive Psychotherapy for Major Depression. Abrahams N, Seedat S, Lombard C, Kengne AP, Myers B, Sewnath A, et al. Additionally, violence or negative life events were also independent predictors of postnatal depressive symptoms (AOR: 2.94, CI:1.37-6.29, p= 0.005). The sum of all frequencies of NPSV exposure determined the overall severity of lifetime NPSV exposure score. International studies have shown a link between abuse exposures and alcohol misuse [10,11,12,13]. 1993, New York, NY, US: Guilford Press. Countless factors can influence how the female body and mind respond to life's changes and challenges. RevMan (version 5.4.1; Cochrane Community, London, UK) was used for statistical analyses [26]. Correspondence to Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) may have positive physiological and psychological benefits for breast cancer survivors. The. This form of depression includes all the symptoms of a major depressive episode plus an episode of psychosis, meaning delusions or hallucinations. Alcohol Res 2019 Oct;40(1). You can learn more about it here. This page covers: Common signs and symptoms of depression; Anxiety; Self-harm and suicidal feelings; Psychotic symptoms; How might depression affect my day-to-day life? Baseline characteristics were summarised as means (standard deviation, SD) or medians (interquartile range) for continuous variables, and as counts (percentages) for categorical variables, for the overall sample and by alcohol misuse status. Many young patients with breast cancer faced the challenging decision of undergoing ovarian suppression and abrupt premature menopause to lower the risk of cancer recurrence [34]. Since the definition of PTSD includes the presence of traumatic stress responses for longer than four weeks, stress reactions measured in the previous week do not necessarily meet the duration criterion for PTSD. WebKey facts Depression is a common mental health condition that affects how you think, feel and behave. Exposure to multiple CM types was classified from zero (no exposure) to four (exposure to all four types of CM). WebWomen may also experience physical symptoms of depression, including pain or stomach upset. 2016;24(4):181320. Please review ourPrivacy Statementfor more information. Machisa MT, Christofides N, Jewkes R. Mental ill health in structural pathways to womens experiences of intimate partner violence. Any disagreements were settled through discussion with a third author (TA) until consensus was achieved. The preference for internet-based psychological interventions by individuals without past or current use of mental health treatment delivered online: a survey study with mixed-methods analysis. The dropout rate was 21.46%; thus, the data of 311 women were analyzed. 2018;13(10):e0204956. Findings suggest (1) a high prevalence of alcohol misuse in this cohort of South African women; (2) positive associations between GBV exposure and alcohol misuse that differ by type, number of types and severity of exposure; and (3) partial mediation by PTSS, but not by depression, of the relationship between GBV exposure and alcohol misuse. Myers B, Carney T, Wechsberg WM. The MBCT group displayed significantly lower levels of anxiety (SMD=0.70; 95% CI,1.26 to0.13; P=0.02) than did the control cohort [Fig. Tiredness and lack of energy, so even small tasks take extra effort. A cluster randomized-controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of Stepping Stones in preventing HIV infections and promoting safer sexual behaviour amongst youth in the rural Eastern Cape, South Africa: trial design, methods and baseline findings. Cillessen L, et al. Albert PR. Lifetime intimate partner violence (IPV): IPV type: The WHO multi-country study questionnaire [39], previously validated in South Africa [40] assessed the frequency of sexual abuse (four items), physical abuse (five items), emotional abuse (seven items) and economic abuse (seven items) by a current or previous intimate partner. Support Care Cancer. You feel as if nothing will ever get better and theres nothing you can do to improve your situation. Mindfulness-based interventions for psychological and physical health outcomes in cancer patients and survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. These include: Along with the mental symptoms of depression, there are physical symptoms to look out for: Most of these are also general symptoms of depression, but they may be more likely to show up in combination with other symptoms in women. Hughes K, Bellis MA, Hardcastle KA, Sethi D, Butchart A, Mikton C, et al. WebSymptoms of Depression ; Forms of Depression . 2. PTSS and depression are known to increase risk of alcohol misuse [8, 11, 15,16,17). A higher proportion of women who met criteria for alcohol misuse reported CM, irrespective of CM type and number of CM types compared to women who did not report alcohol misuse (all ps0.05) (Table2). Qualitative research with trauma-exposed South African women who use alcohol supports the need for trauma-informed interventions to address alcohol misuse that combine evidence-based psychological interventions for PTSS with cognitive-behavioral strategies to support alcohol reduction [46]. Hu T, et al. Exposure to an increasing number of abuse types, and other traumatic events, was independently associated with alcohol misuse. The social and health burdens associated with alcohol misuse are high in South Africa, with alcohol misuse a major contributor to the burden of infectious disease, non-communicable diseases and injury [2, 3]. Depression is more common in women than men. PubMed Each item had a yes (1) or no (0) response option. We used multiple mediation analyses to explore whether depression and PTSS scores independently mediated associations between CM, IPV, lifetime NPSV, other traumatic exposure variables and the alcohol misuse outcome while adjusting for the potential confounding effects of age, education, employment, residential areas and recent rape exposure. The frequency of exposure to each CM type was categorised as never (1), sometimes (2), often (3), or very often (4).
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