when was modern medicine invented

1954: Joseph Murray carried out the first human kidney transplant, which involved identical twins. Singh A.R, Singh S.A. Diseases of Poverty and Lifestyle, Well-Being and Human Development. Soon afterward French workers showed that its active antibacterial agent is sulfanilamide. In 1910 Peyton Rous showed that a virus could also cause a malignant tumour, a sarcoma in chickens. Mller-Spahn F. Individualized preventive psychiatry: syndrome and vulnerability diagnostics. 19231927: Scientists discovered and used the first vaccines for diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), tuberculosis (TB), and tetanus. To ensure longevity with well-being, lets not discount the work of complementary and alternative medicine. While modern medicine continues to make headway, some significant challenges remain. And lapse into a slumber that pushes uncomfortable dreams into realms that work to energize the thanatos and propel man to his inevitable end. For example, willow bark is a substance that contains salicin, which is known to relieve pain and bring down inflammation. Also, longevity with well-being is modern medicines other big challenge. Before that in ancient Greece and Rome, physicians used thin hollow tools to inject fluids into the body. Several terms used in modern medicine come after Hippocrates such as Hippocratic finger, Hippocratic succession, Hippocratic bench, and many more. 1981: Bruce Reitz, an American cardiothoracic surgeon, successfully performed the first human heart-lung combined transplant procedure. The ancient Greeks . Technology has played a significant role in many of these medical changes. You'd put powder in a tube and then compress it to solidity with a mallet. Marvin H. Caruthers, distinguished professor of chemistry and biochemistry at the University of Colorado Boulder, has won the inaugural Richard N. Merkin Prize in Biomedical Technology for developing an efficient, automated technology for synthesizing DNA. Luczywek E, Luczywek E, Gabryelewicz T, Barczak A, Religa D, Pfeffer A, Styczynska M, Peplonska B, Chodakowska-Zebrowska M, Barcikowska M. Neurocognition of centenarians: neuropsychological study of lite centenarians. Studies on longevity, life style changes and healthy centenarians deserve special scrutiny to find what aids longevity with wellbeing. The discovery of penicillin in 1928 started the golden age of natural product antibiotic discovery that peaked in th 1847: A Hungarian doctor called Ignaz Semmelweis found that the incidence of childbed fever, or puerperal fever, fell considerably if health workers disinfected their hands before touching the woman during delivery. Cloninger C.R. Pharmacology, psychopharmacology included, is mostly directed towards such control and palliation too. Another is the increase in pollution and environmental hazards. 2.4 Medicine. 2.7 Theoretical computer science. Boiling and cooling a liquid, he explained, would remove the bacteria. Franceschi C, Motta L, Valensin S, Rapisarda R, Franzone A, Berardelli M, Motta M, Monti D, Bonaf M, Ferrucci L, Deiana L, Pes G.M, Carru C, Desole M.S, Barbi C, Sartoni G, Gemelli C, Lescai F, Olivieri F, Marchegiani F, Cardelli M, Cavallone L, Gueresi P, Cossarizza A, Troiano L, Pini G, Sansoni P, Passeri G, Lisa R, Spazzafumo L, Amadio L, Giunta S, Stecconi R, Morresi R, Viticchi C, Mattace R, De Benedictis G, Baggio G. Do men and women follow different trajectories to reach extreme longevity? Maurice Hilleman, an American microbiologist and vaccinologist, produced the first mumps vaccine. Positive Emotions, Spirituality and the Practice of Psychiatry. This will be an effective, and strong, eros. The birthplace of modern medicine (Image credit: Rossi Thomson/Reproduced by concession of the University of Padua) By Rossi Thomson 4th February 2019 Padua, Italy, was at the forefront of a. Darviri C, Demakakos P, Tigani X, Charizani F, Tsiou C, Tsagkari C, Chliaoutakis J, Monos D. Psychosocial dimensions of exceptional longevity: a qualitative exploration of centenarians experiences, personality, and life strategies. This could lead to scientists creating artificial livers for transplantation or other techniques that enable a damaged liver to renew itself. Simon, the older of the pair, was a renowned pathologist and bacteriologist. We avoid using tertiary references. (2018, October 2). Over the years prosthesis technology has blossomed offering wearers more flexibility and mobility. 1867: Joseph Lister, a British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery, successfully used phenol then known as carbolic acid to clean wounds and sterilize surgical instruments, resulting in a reduction in postoperative infections. They tested it successfully on a dog first, and the technique saved a childs life shortly afterward. However, the first device used to measure temperature appeared in the 1500s and was created by Galileo. Diseases, and the afflicted, are not reducing in numbers; they are only changing in type (Singh and Singh, 2005). Which can lead us to ask the question: If ultimately death had to prevail, why exercise eros at all? HIV treatment: The effectiveness of HIV treatment is now such that people who take the medication regularly will not pass on the virus. People have explored medicinal practices since the earliest civilizations, applying methods like bloodletting and herbal remedies. But the beginnings of modern medicine benefit from these trial runs. Modern medicine, or medicine as we know it, started to emerge after the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century. After steady increases, by the 1980s the life expectancy had reached 71.4 years for males and 77.2 years for females. The prevalence of enteroviral capsid protein vp1 immunostaining in pancreatic islets in human type 1 diabetes. She arrived in Scutari, Turkey in 1854 with 34 nurses whom she had trained. On a different scale, medical supply companies have already used drones to deliver medicines to remote areas of the world. With Harold Harrison, he created the first electrolyte-glucose solution for clinical use. While penicillin was the most useful and the safest antibiotic, it suffered from certain disadvantages. 1881: Pasteur developed an anthrax vaccine by attenuating the anthrax bacterium with carbolic acid. Medical milestones: Celebrating key advances since 1840. An eros must guide our consciousness, and our efforts, even as we accept the truth of a thanatos, which must ultimately prevail. Ambhl P, Tissot A.C, Fulurija A, Maurer P, Nussberger J, Sabat R, Nief V, Schellekens C, Sladko K, Roubicek K, Pfister T, Rettenbacher M, Volk H.D, Wagner F, Mller P, Jennings G.T, Bachmann M.F. Medical . Vegetarian diet: panacea for modern lifestyle diseases? Modern medicine has progressed, and we must thank the whole bunch of researchers and clinicians for it. The 20th century produced such a plethora of discoveries and advances that in some ways the face of medicine changed out of all recognition. Reeder G.D, Pryor J.B. Dual Psychological Processes Underlying Public Stigma and the Implications for Reducing Stigma. In 1932 German bacteriologist Gerhard Domagk announced that the red dye Prontosil is active against streptococcal infections in mice and humans. Moreover, prevention, understood as preventing a disease from occurring, also means, finding out vaccines, and other preventive measures, for all its diseases, not just the infectious. The rise of scientific medicine in the 19th century. Outstanding among its leaders was Paul Ehrlich. Learn how antibiotics work and how to use them effectively, Christian and Muslim reservoirs of learning, The rise of scientific medicine in the 19th century, Discoveries in clinical medicine and anesthesia, Is There a Doctor in the House? Aside from standard medication and medical treatments, transplants are a great option to combat these statistics. All 25 of the unvaccinated sheep died, but only one vaccinated sheep perished, probably from an unrelated cause. Black also developed cimetidine, a treatment for stomach ulcers. They isolated penicillin in a form that was fairly pure (by standards then current) and demonstrated its potency and relative lack of toxicity. This website is based on a display that was on view at the National Museum of American History from April 2017 to August 2019. Armed with new technologies and scientific methods, medical leaders were confident that health could be measured, disease prevented, and wounded bodies restored. McDonough-Means SI, Kreitzer M.J, Bell I.R. Major research funding must guide these efforts, even as we do not neglect greater refinements in modern palliative medicine. On Well-Being: Current Research Trends And Future Directions (Ed). Florence Nightingale (18201910) was a British nurse, statistician, and writer. How do we propel medicine to become a means of an effective and. And all centenarians are the most precious group to study. He invented morphine which served as a painkiller in the 18th century. The thrust, both of clinicians and research, must now turn decisively towards prevention and cure. That it will deny, and prevent realizations that matter, because it must propel itself towards decay and ultimate death, even as it ostensibly appears to be fighting it all the time by its many heroic and sustained manoeuvers? Modern medicine has done much in the fields of infectious diseases and emergencies to aid cure. He extracted the main active chemical from opium in his laboratory and named it morphine, after the Greek god of sleep. 1985: Sir Alec John Jeffreys, a British geneticist, developed the techniques for DNA fingerprinting and profiling that forensic departments now use worldwide. Streptomycin, however, suffers from the great disadvantage that the tubercle bacillus tends to become resistant to it. That thanatos and eros are the two instincts that rule our life, and that thanatos does, and must, ultimately prevail, for the ultimate reality is death, whatever manoeuvers one may carry out to prevent it. And then I thought why, what the heck. Phillips B, Nylander K, Harnaha J, Machen J, Lakomy R, Styche A, Gillis K, Brown L, Lafreniere D, Gallo M, Knox J, Hogeland K, Trucco M, Giannoukakis N. A microsphere-based vaccine prevents and reverses new-onset autoimmune diabetes. Inventions like functional magnetic resonance imaging, the artificial heart, and disposable catheter changed medicine forever. He also performed the first ever open-heart surgery, repairing an atrial septal defect, also known as a hole in the heart. The amount of the virus in their blood, known as viral load, is almost zero. The 19th and 20th centuries saw breakthroughs occurring in infection control. A 29-year follow-up of hospitalizations among 40,000 Danes born in 1905. It is rather like making a virtue out of a necessity and also, false bravado. Reorganizational Healing:A Paradigm for the Advancement of Wellness, Behavior Change, Holistic Practice, and Healing. Nevertheless, mercury thermometers are being phased out in favor of digital thermometers due to the poisonous nature of mercury. As though to quickly rid him of the realization that must stare him in the face, and expose his nakedness before all, and most importantly, his own consciousness. Advances in vaccines for hypertension, diabetes, cancers etc, deserve attention; as also, the role of meditation, yoga, spirituality etc in preventing disease at various levels. 1987: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first statin, lovastatin (Mevacor). The master smiles wryly, even as he turns wincing with pain in his grave. Germany was well to the forefront in medical progress. In 1901 in the United Kingdom, for instance, the life expectancy at birth, a primary indicator of the effect of health care on mortality (but also reflecting the state of health education, housing, and nutrition), was 48 years for males and 51.6 years for females. Much of Egyptian medicine still relied on magic. 1953: Swedish physicist Inge Edler invented medical ultrasonography (echocardiography). He later pioneered artificial organs. 1927 First vaccine developed for tuberculosis. Today pacemakers are much more sophisticated with an average battery life of 20 years. Misra A. The other course is of course to awaken from a slumber with a dream and remember the great master and his strivings to understand the fundamentals of disease, as he talked of dream analysis and the unconscious; to quieten the realization with a denial that is so characteristic of much of modern medicine, as also pharmacology, psychopharmacology included. Alternative treatments for depression: empirical support and relevance to women. Sidney Herbert, the Minister for War, asked Nightingale to lead a team of nurses in the military hospitals in Turkey. One of the leading causes of death is heart disease. Molecular breast imaging (MBI) could become a great supplemental technique. It is in use even today. Childbed fever was fatal in 25 to 30 percent of sporadic cases and 70 to 80 percent of epidemic cases. It will be interesting to see how artificial intelligence and machine learning continue to improve the modern bionic prosthesis. Xiao Z, Xu Q, Yuan Y. . With the increased availability of printed books in the late 1800s, the cases of myopia increased, which led to the introduction of spectacles to the masses. FOIA Epel E, Daubenmier J, Moskowitz J.T, Folkman S, Blackburn E. Can meditation slow rate of cellular aging? This is an effective, but weak, eros. Today this Salvarsan is known as Arsphenamine. However, they still had a long way to go regarding the treatment and cures of infectious diseases. Medical Thermometer (Invented in 1500-1714) Gabriel Fahrenheit first invented the mercury thermometer in 1714, which is still in usage today. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Antonini F.M, Magnolfi S.U, Petruzzi E, Pinzani P, Malentacchi F, Petruzzi I, Masotti G, IMUSCE Physical performance and creative activities of centenarians. Two of Mr. And Mrs. Flexner's seven children would ultimately partner with Rockefeller to revolutionize medical education and practice in America. Later in this period, quinine and paracetamol were also invented. That principle of sound amplification has yet to change. ), MSM, 8, Jan - Dec 2010, p17-29. Singh A.R, Singh S.A. Notes on a few issues in the philosophy of psychiatry. 1963: Thomas Starzl, an American physician, performed the first human liver transplant, and James Hardy, an American surgeon, carried out the first human lung transplant. The rapid progress of medicine in this era was reinforced by enormous improvements in communication between scientists throughout the world. Haussmann M.F, Mauck R.A. Telomeres and longevity: testing an evolutionary hypothesis. This should be the very first goal, not the last; which means, health promotion/education activities along with clean water, nutritious food, clean and disaster free habitation, proper sanitation, control of pollution, poverty alleviation, empowerment of the deprived and disadvantaged, life-style modifications. Cognitive functional status of age-confirmed centenarians in a population-based study. Others, such as the original sulfanilamide and its immediate successor, sulfapyridine, were replaced by safer and more powerful agents. He should either prevent a disease so it does not occur, or cures it if it does. He observed that in a darkened room, the cathode ray tube covered with barium platinocyanide caused a fluorescent effect. Until the introduction of the antibiotic penicillin, Salvarsan or one of its modifications remained the standard treatment of syphilis and went far toward bringing this social and medical scourge under control. Jain S, Shapiro S.L, Swanick S, Roesch S.C, Mills P.J, Bell I, Schwartz G.E. By 1853, she was the superintendent of a womens hospital in Harley Street, London. Winners of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. Together, Louis Pasteur and Claude Bernard (18131878) developed a technique for pasteurizing liquids. John Enders and colleagues developed the first measles vaccine. He recommended only using silkworm eggs that were healthy and had no parasites. But so has pathology. Phakathi M. Prevention is better than cure. We also need to promote longevity studies. 1986: Eli Lilly launched fluoxetine (Prozac), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class antidepressant that doctors prescribe for several mental health problems. Which explains why modern medicines propulsion is towards control, not cure or prevention: it is just one manifestation of this thanatos. Modern medicine has done much in the fields of infectious diseases and emergencies to aid cure. Motta M, Bennati E, Ferlito L, Malaguarnera M, Motta L. Italian Multicenter Study on Centenarians (IMUSCE), (2005), Successful aging in centenarians: myths and reality. Since the invention of modern medicine, many people have not been ready to admit it as they have been listening and preaching the traditional medicine and its holistic methods using natural herbs and religious beliefs and all that. Shapiro S.L, Oman D, Thoresen C.E, Plante T.G, Flinders T. Cultivating mindfulness: effects on well-being. Molecular breast imaging is the process of using a radioactivetracer and a special camera to find breast cancer. Silver M.H, Jilinskaia E, Perls T.T. Cyclosporine also treats psoriasis and other auto-immune conditions, including severe cases of rheumatoid arthritis. The key concept is ultimately. Today, these needles are used to deliver the correct drug dosage in treatment and extract body fluids with minimal pain and risk of contamination. At this time, there was rapid growth in economic activity in Western Europe. Due to modern medicine and the work of scientists and physicians for millennia, epilepsy can be safely managed, and most patients with the disease can live full and normal lives. This is my original unpublished piece, not under consideration for publication elsewhere. Alexander Flemings discovery of anti-bacterial property of Penicillium Notatum in 1928 was when antibiotics started gaining mass attention. Hilleman developed over 40 vaccines, more than anybody else. He demonstrated its effectiveness to the public using 50 sheep. Some relatively recent literature focuses on telomeres and longevity (Haussmann and Mauck, 2008); sex differences in longevity, (Franceschi et al., 2000); Immunology and longevity (Candore et al., 2006); psychosocial factors and longevity (Darviri et al., 2009) etc. Singh A.R, Singh S.A. Emphasising prevention, developing therapies, complementing approaches. He extracted the main active chemical from opium in his laboratory and named it morphine, after the Greek god of sleep. Andersen-Ranberg K, Vasegaard L, Jeune B. Dementia is not inevitable: a population-based study of Danish centenarians. The modern hypodermic needle was invented by Charles Pravaz and Alexander Wood somewhere in the mid-1800s. In the 20th century, ongoing research concentrated on the nature of infectious diseases and their means of transmission. Transcendental meditation, mindfulness, and longevity: an experimental study with the elderly. Singh and S.A. Singh eds. Prevention of type 2 diabetes: the long and winding road. Bushell W.C, Theise N.D. Toward a unified field of study: longevity, regeneration, and protection of health through meditation and related practices. Who tended to the sick, and what did they do to help? 1929: The German doctor Hans Berger discovered human electroencephalography, making him the first person to record brain waves. And, related to this, it must research and highlight life style changes which prevent disease, and tackle diseases of poverty and of lifestyle (Singh and Singh, 2008). Their success inaugurated the chemotherapeutic era, which was to revolutionize the treatment and control of infectious diseases. Ye J.J, Li J.C, Peng L, Gong Y.Y, Xie L, Lian S.G, Yang Z, Zhou Y.F. What was medicine like in prehistoric times? How Did It Begin? Soon after, Dr. Raymond V. Damadian invented a technique to differentiate between cancerous and normal cells using nuclear magnetic resonance which later was improved and calledfunctional magnetic resonance imaging or MRI. While the 20th century saw a massive drop in fatalities from infection, future centuries could see that number rise again. Exhausted medical staff members were tending to wounded soldiers in unbearable pain, many of whom were dying unnecessarily, while the officials in charge remained indifferent. 1962: Sir James W. Black, a Scottish doctor and pharmacologist, invented the first beta-blocker after investigating how adrenaline affects the functioning of the human heart. Part II--clinical applications and guidelines. Mohandas E. Neurobiology of Spirituality. Dr. Rebecca Lee Crumpler worked as a nurse for almost 10 years before becoming the first African American woman to earn a medical degree in the United States. Although we now have a far more detailed and accurate picture of medicine, I think the ancient Greeks can help us think through a number of topics that are still relevant today. Despite such a crude design they both successfully brought back to life a stillborn baby. Foster E. The spiritual encounter within a complementary therapy treatment. 1926 First vaccine developed for whooping cough. Medicine, on the other hand, has to become the most glorious manifestation of an eros that prevents/cures disease and promotes well-being in its best possible form. Anyone who has none of the lifestyle diseases till 60 is also similarly precious. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Before the Israeli emergency bandage was invented in 1998, . Carpenter K, Carpenter K, Girvin L, Kitner W, Ruth-Sahd L.A. Spirituality: a dimension of holistic critical care nursing. This could enable greater precision and remove some of the risks of human error. Pharmacology is a very potent tool, but most of it is directed towards palliation and control at present. Molzahn A.E, Sheilds L. Why is it so hard to talk about spirituality? Pasteur said that many diseases, including tuberculosis (TB), cholera, anthrax, and smallpox, happen when germs enter the body from the environment. 1966: C. Walton Lillehei, an American surgeon, carried out the first successful human pancreas transplant. In fact distant must make clear how much more need be done, and in which direction. A dramatic episode in medical history occurred in 1928, when Alexander Fleming noticed the inhibitory action of a stray mold on a plate culture of staphylococcus bacteria in his laboratory at St. Marys Hospital, London. Today, antibiotics have revolutionized medicine, and in combination with vaccines have helped with eradicating diseases like tuberculosis. An evidence-based review of yoga as a complementary intervention for patients with cancer. Other industrialized countries showed similar dramatic increases. Wisdom Weaver June 14, 2023 4 min read This article presents a historical and cultural analysis of when medicine was invented and explores the various philosophical, ethical, and societal challenges faced by modern medicine. He experimented with the effects of various chemical substances on disease organisms. Ehrlich and arsphenamine Germany was well to the forefront in medical progress. Centuries ago, scholars and monks used an early prototype of the modern spectacles which had to be held in front of a wearer's eyes while reading or balanced on the nose (there were no arms to anchor them to ears). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. While still a student, Ehrlich carried out work on lead poisoning from which he evolved the theory that was to guide much of his subsequent workthat certain tissues have a selective affinity for certain chemicals. In actuality, the age of antibiotics began in 1907 with the creation of Salvarsan by Alfred Bertheim and Paul Ehrlich. CITATION: Singh A. R. (2010), Modern Medicine: Towards Prevention, Cure, Well-being and Longevity. Nevertheless, the first iterations of this invention were limiting. 1842: Crawford Long, an American pharmacist and surgeon, was the first doctor to give a patient inhaled ether anesthesia for a surgical procedure. The first devices recognizable as hypodermic syringes were independently invented-virtually simultaneously-in 1853 The prototype was a portable setup consisting of two poles, one connected with a salt solution-soaked skin pad and the other to a needle that was inserted into the patient's heart chamber. One is the upsurge of antibiotic resistance, partly in response to the overuse of antibiotics and also because pathogens, or germs, are adapting to resist them. But medicine has as much a treatment orientation as a social perspective. All rights reserved. 1958: Rune Elmqvist, a doctor and engineer, developed the first implantable pacemaker. Cure, however, is out of consideration, because it appears unachievable, and prevention is nowhere in the collective consciousness of biomedical researchers and opinion makers, I suspect probably because it would ultimately make them redundant. At the end of the 19th century, 30 percent of deaths were due to infection. Singh A.R, Singh S.A. Health for all, All for health: Clich, Dream or Commitment. Hippocrates mentioned it in 400 BCE, where it was recommended that people in pain should chew on it. This discovery changed the course of history, saving millions of lives. Cholesterol lowering drugs. Disposable catheters give these people the opportunity to live lives relatively normal lives through the process ofintermittent self-catheterization. Stem cell therapy: Scientists are working on making human tissue and even whole organs from stem cells. Culos-Reed S.N, Carlson L.E, Daroux L.M, Hately-Aldous S. A pilot study of yoga for breast cancer survivors: physical and psychological benefits. Nonagenarians and centenarians in a rural Han Chinese population: lifestyle and epidemics. 30K views History of Medicine The medicine that is used in modern societies is very different from the medical attentions of ancient history. Schwarz T.F. The first antibiotic, salvarsan, was deployed in 1910. By then World War II had begun, and techniques to facilitate commercial production were developed in the United States. Modern medicine must look closely at, and not pooh pooh, the claims of alternative and complementary medicine, including yoga, meditation and spirituality, just because one is put off by their tall sounding claims, and some charlatans in the group. In 1910, with his colleague Sahachiro Hata, he conducted tests on arsphenamine, once sold under the commercial name Salvarsan. However, this screening test is known to underperform in some women. 3 Computing. MBI screening tests have garnered traction over the past two decades because they are easy todisseminate, have high patient acceptance, and can be widely adopted. The first doctor known to history was Sekhet-eanach who 'healed the pharaoh's nostrils'. Danhauer S.C, Mihalko S.L, Russell G.B, Campbell C.R, Felder L, Daley K, Levine E.A. This realization does not propel him towards cure or prevention. National Library of Medicine A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation versus relaxation training: effects on distress, positive states of mind, rumination, and distraction. Bower J.E, Woolery A, Sternlieb B, Garet D. Yoga for cancer patients and survivors. Let me tell you a bit about it. She did pioneering nursing work while caring for wounded soldiers during the Crimean War. It must realise its true potential, so that eros prevails, and thanatos prevails only ultimately, not prematurely. The ultimate goal is longevity with well-being, of which freedom from disease is a very important ingredient. Bionic prosthetics would eventually follow, coming to fruition in 1980. The role of health psychology and the related field of behavioural medicine which focus on the interplay among biological dispositions, behaviour, and social context also need enthusiastic backing as a means to health promoting behaviours and preventing health damaging ones (Kaplan, 2009). Between 12th and 14th Streets Gene therapy: A type of genetic engineering known as CRISPR gene editing may make it possible in the future to prevent genetic and inherited conditions, such as heart disease, leukemia, cystic fibrosis, and hemophilia. 1980: Dr. Baruch Samuel Blumberg, an American doctor, developed the hepatitis B diagnostic test and vaccine. During the 19th century, economic and industrial growth continued to develop, and people made many scientific discoveries and inventions. Pasteur was sure that pathogens attack the body from the outside. The initial reception to the discovery, however, was met with hostility and mockery with a New York Times journalist referring to it as an alleged discovery of a method to photograph the invisible. 1922 Insulin first used to treat diabetes. Some areas of spirituality which have interested researchers in recent times are positive emotions and spirituality (Vaillant, 2008), its neurobiology (Mohandas, 2008), healing presence (McDonough-Means et al., 2004), spiritual encounter and complementary treatment (Foster, 2006), spirituality and psychiatry (Mohr, 2006), health and spirituality in critical care (Puchalski, 2004), spirituality and critical care holistic nursing (Carpenter et al., 2008), difficulty in talking about spirituality in a medical setting (Molzahn and Sheilds, 2008) etc. Stay ahead of your peers in technology and engineering - The Blueprint. For health is a means to well-being, and health can be achieved for all only when all are mobilized for health and become conscious of what should be its legitimate thrust (Singh and Singh, 2004).
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