Modern athletics and competitive sports, avatars of this new body culture, elicited largely willing local receptions in North Asia, though there were no doubt isolated cases of coercive foisting better characterized as cultural imperialism.[34]. The phenomenon of Westernization does not follow any one specific pattern across societies as the degree of adaption and fusion with Western customs will occur at varying magnitudes within different communities. ", Tranter, N. L. "Popular sports and the industrial revolution in Scotland: the evidence of the statistical accounts. Philosophers of the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon, Ren Descartes, John Locke, Baruch Spinoza, Voltaire (16941778), Jean-Jacques Rousseau, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant,[76] who influenced society by publishing widely read works. Western civilization refers to the art, literature, culture, and enduring ideas that emerged from the eastern Mediterranean basin in the centuries before the common era, that developed in myriad forms through the Middle Ages, and that ultimately took modern shape after the Renaissance. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Westernization (or Westernisation), also Europeanisation or occidentalization (from the Occident), is a process whereby societies come under or adopt Western culture in areas such as industry, technology, science, education, politics, economics, lifestyle, law, norms, mores, customs, traditions, values, mentality, perceptions, diet, clothing, language, writing system, religion, and philosophy. As societies become larger and more complex, its people become more likely to join monotheistic religions. Westernization began with traders, colonizers, and missionaries from western Europe who believed that their way of life was superior to those of the peoples in the countries to which they traveled. It is difficult to determine which individuals or places or trends fit into which category, and the EastWest contrast is sometimes criticized as relativistic and arbitrary. Westernization has been reversed in some countries following war or regime change. Australian Rules Football, an Australian variation of football with similarities to Gaelic football and rugby, evolved in the British colony of Victoria in the mid-19th century. Westernization began with traders, colonizers, and missionaries from western Europe who believed that their way of life was superior to those of the peoples in the countries to which they traveled. [34] European culture developed with a complex range of philosophy, medieval scholasticism, mysticism and Christian and secular humanism. A woman living in Florence in the 15th century did not think of herself as a woman of the Renaissance. Non-Western countries can attempt to achieve isolation to preserve their own values and protect themselves from Western invasion. Types of Judaism Jewish Holidays Judaism is the world's oldest monotheistic religion, dating back nearly 4,000 years. Depictions of the nude human male and female in photography, painting, and sculpture are frequently considered to have special artistic merit. As examined by author Bonnie Adrian, Taiwanese bridal photos of today provide a striking contrast to past accepted norms, contemporary couples often displaying great physical affection and, at times, placed in typically Western settings to augment the modernity, in comparison to the historically prominent relationship, often stoic and distant, exhibited between bride and groom. to 1950, Paperback 9 November 2004, p. 284, Tom McInally, The Sixth Scottish University. Since classical antiquity, sport has been an important facet of Western cultural expression.[190][191]. The ship's chronometer, the screw propeller, the locomotive, bicycle, automobile, and airplane were all invented in the West. There is an increasing perception that Western countries will prioritize their domestic problems over international issues, despite their spoken and written promises of having global interests and needs. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Due to the colonization of the Americas and Oceania by Europeans, the cultural, ethnic, and linguistic make-up of the Americas and Oceania has been changed. [43][need quotation to verify] Contemporary Latin chronicles from Spain referred to the victors in the Frankish victory over the Umayyads at the 732 Battle of Tours as "Europeans" according to Appiah, denoting a shared sense of identity. The importance of sports partly comes from its connection to Westernization. From the beginning of the Abrahamic faiths and of Greek philosophy, religion and morality have been closely intertwined. 05/08/2020 History College answered expert verified Westernization is founded on the blank tradition and Abrahamic and beliefs. Some settler countries have preserved indigenous languages; for example, in New Zealand, the Mori language is one of three official languages, the others being English and New Zealand sign language, another example is Ireland, where Irish is the first official language, followed by English as the second official language. In Orientalism Edward Said views Westernization as it occurred in the process of colonization, an exercise of essentializing a "subject race" in order to more effectively dominate them. Religion: Beyond The Western Traditions : 13.7: Cosmos And Culture The endless debate over the relationship between science and religion in the United States ignores the thinking of much of the . Religion as ultimate concern is the meaning-giving substance of culture, and culture is the totality of forms in which the basic concern of religion expresses itself. The Automobile Book. [107] In art, the Celtic knot is a very distinctive Western repeated motif. The area that had formerly been considered the Orient ("the East") became the Near East as the interests of the European powers interfered with Meiji Japan and Qing China for the first time in the 19th century. The Olympic Games revived many of the sports of classical antiquitysuch as Greco-Roman wrestling, discus and javelin. Similarity with U.S. General John C. Bates's uniform. Said references Arthur Balfour, the British Prime Minister from 1902 to 1905, who regarded the rise of nationalism in Egypt in the late 19th century as counterproductive to a "benevolent" system of occupational rule. The First Industrial Revolution evolved into the Second Industrial Revolution in the transition years between 1840 and 1870, when technological and economic progress continued with the increasing adoption of steam transport (steam-powered railways, boats, and ships), the large-scale manufacture of machine tools and the increasing use of machinery in steam-powered factories. [9] Judaism, the oldest Abrahamic religion, is based on a strict, exclusive monotheism, [10] [11] finding its origins in the sole veneration of Yahweh, [10] [12] [13] [14] the predecessor to the Abrahamic conception of God. After Commodore Perry's visit, Japan began to deliberately accept Western culture to the point of hiring Westerners to teach Western customs and traditions to the Japanese starting in the Meiji era. Following the Roman conquest of the Hellenistic world, the concept of a "West" arose, as there was a cultural divide between the Greek East and Latin West. [129][130] Nuclear power stations are derived from the first atomic pile constructed in Chicago in 1942. After the fall of Rome, much of Greco-Roman art, literature, science and even technology were all but lost in the western part of the old empire. Following World War II, Western leaders and academics sought to expand innate liberties and international equality. This included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power, and the development of machine tools. Bullfighting spread from Spain to its American colonies, and in the 19th century to France, where it developed into a distinctive form in its own right. These cultural experiences, carried back to France by notables like Eleanor of Aquitaine influenced Western European foodways. Christian attempts to reconcile these frameworks were responsible for the preservation of Greek philosophy. A period of decolonization began. [2] The Near-Eastern civilizations of Ancient Egypt and the Levant, which came under Greek rule, became part of the Hellenistic world. Christianity remains the dominant religion in the Western world, where 70% are Christians.[102]. The majority of non-Western countries admire and adhere to Western living standards. While Korea was being Westernized slowly in the late 19th century, Korea had the idea of "Eastern ways and Western frames ()", meaning that they accepted the Western "bowl", but used it with Eastern principles inside. Coinciding with the Age of Enlightenment was the scientific revolution, spearheaded by Newton. "Isaac Newton." Roman religion was similar to but not the same as Hellenic religion likewise for indigenous Germanic polytheism, Celtic polytheism and Slavic polytheism. English migrants took antecedents of baseball to America during the colonial period. According to the "Theory of the Globe scrambled by Social network: a new Sphere of Influence 2.0", published by Jura Gentium (University of Florence), the increasing role of Westernization is characterized by social media. Those new states often adopted some aspects of Western politics such as a constitution, while frequently reacting against Western culture. Religion and Morality. During this period writers like Herodotus and Xenophon would highlight the importance of freedom in the Ancient Greek world, as opposed to the perceived slavery of the so-called barbaric world.[50]. Pepper, ginger and cinnamon were the most widely used spices of the European courts and noble households. In music, Catholic monks developed the first forms of modern Western musical notation to standardize liturgy throughout the worldwide Church,[104] and an enormous body of religious music has been composed for it through the ages. The method of preventing Rh disease, the treatment of diabetes, and the germ theory of disease were discovered by Westerners. It was, in recent history, and remains, the dominant power and director of human civilization. Said also argues that this relationship to the "inferior" races, in fact, works to also fortify and make coherent what is meant by "the West"; if "The Oriental is irrational, depraved (fallen), childlike, "different" then "the European is rational, virtuous, mature, normal." Classical Greek learning was also subsumed, preserved, and elaborated in the rising Eastern world, which gradually supplanted Roman-Byzantine control as a dominant cultural-political force. The story of Abraham and his sons is . The Eastern Orthodox Church founded many cathedrals, monasteries and seminaries, some of which continue to exist today. Most of what is known about. Ser.2 v.67 1838", An enormous theorem: the classification of finite simple groups, "Five Hundred Years of Bookkeeping: A Portrait of Luca Pacioli", "The End of an Asteroidal Adventure: NEAR Shoemaker Phones Home for the Last Time", "15-149 NASA's Three-Billion-Mile Journey to Pluto Reaches Historic Encounter", Catholicisme et protestantisme en France: Analyses sociologiques et donnes de l'Institut CSA pour La Croix, "International Religious Freedom Report 2007", The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization. American political leaders frequently said that the United States was the heir to Western civilization and that it had a duty to defend the West against . [94] Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals, plants[95] and fire. Many Oriental ingredients were relatively new to the Western lands. It traces its roots to prehistoric bull worship and sacrifice and is often linked to Rome, where many human-versus-animal events were held. The insight by Edelman, R., & Wilson, W. (2017) explains This new system of thought and practices imbued with positive values in the exertion and strategic deployment of the human body, embracing the Anglo-American notion that physical activity was meaningful in and of itself, conducive to values such as learning and character-building. This time, he argues that Western influence is now "unraveling", with Eastern powers such as China arising. The Cold War also reinterpreted the definition of the West by excluding the countries of the former Eastern Bloc. Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_culture&oldid=1162375052, Greco-Roman classic letters, arts, architecture, philosophical and cultural tradition, which include the influence of preeminent authors and philosophers such as. At the end of the 1960s, most colonies were allowed autonomy. It challenged the authority of institutions that were deeply rooted in society, such as the Catholic Church; there was much talk of ways to reform society with toleration, science and skepticism. Taoic religions share a belief in one God, while Abrahamic religions share a belief in many gods. Other important diagnostic tools of clinical chemistry, including the methods of spectrophotometry, electrophoresis and immunoassay, were first devised by Westerners. Greek and Roman theatre are considered the antecedents of modern theatre, and forms such as medieval theatre, Passion Plays, morality plays, and commedia dell'arte are considered highly influential. The native religions of Europe were polytheistic but not homogenous however, they were similar insofar as they were predominantly Indo-European in origin. The term Abrahamic religions ( Islam, Christianity and Judaism) is often used instead of using the East and West terminology, as these originated in the . This is because each tradition traces lays claim to Abraham as a key founder of the faith. Westernization, the adoption of the practices and culture of western Europe by societies and countries in other parts of the world, whether through compulsion or influence. The rediscovery of the Justinian Code in Western Europe early in the 10th century rekindled a passion for the discipline of law, which crossed many of the re-forming boundaries between East and West. They can develop economic, and military power and cooperate with other non-Western countries against the West while still preserving their own values and institutions. [33] Christianity played a role in ending practices common among European pagans at the time, such as human sacrifice and infanticide. Followers of Judaism believe in one God who revealed himself through. Jose Orlandis, 1993, "A Short History of the Catholic Church," 2nd edn. The Western religions are the religions that originated within Western culture, which are thus historically, culturally, and theologically distinct from Eastern, African and Iranian religions. Western culture, also known as Western civilization, Occidental culture, or Western society, is the heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems, artifacts and technologies of the Western world. Women in the United States tend to believe that a hijab or burka is an item of clothing that women from other countries are forced to wear. Christianity, primarily the Roman Catholic Church,[7][8][9] and later Protestantism[10][11][12][13] has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization since at least the 4th century,[14][15][16][17][18] as did Judaism. Similarly, complicated relationships between virtually all the countries and regions within a broadly defined "West" can be discussed in the light of a persistently fragmented political landscape resulting in a lack of uniformity and significant diversity between the various cultures affiliating with this shared socio-cultural heritage. The Latin-speaking Western Roman Empire consisted of Western Europe and Northwest Africa, while the Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire consisted of the Balkans, Asia Minor, Egypt and Levant. Stained glass windows of the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, completed in 1248, mostly constructed between 1194 and 1220 in the Gothic style. Volleyball was created in Holyoke, Massachusetts, a city directly north of Springfield, in 1895. [108] The ballroom dance is an important Western variety of dance for the elite. This demographic takeover in settler countries has often resulted in the linguistic, social, and cultural marginalisation of indigenous people. Instead, many are beginning to question whether the West remains the most civilized part of the world. This is most visible in settler colonies such as: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States, and to a lesser extent, in some Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, and Uruguay, where the traditional indigenous population has been predominantly replaced demographically by non-indigenous settlers due to transmitted disease and conflict. Much of Western architecture emphasizes repetition of simple motifs, straight lines and expansive, undecorated planes. Scholars have proposed a wide variety of theories to explain why the Great Divergence happened, including lack of government intervention, geography, colonialism, and customary traditions. A thousand years later, the East-West Schism separated the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church from each other. There is some disagreement about which nations should or should not be included in the category, when, and why. The Parthenon under restoration in 2008, the most iconic Classical building, built from 447BC to 432BC, located in Athens. [103] Tragedy, from its ritually and mythologically inspired Greek origins to modern forms where struggle and downfall are often rooted in psychological or social, rather than mythical, motives, is also widely considered a specifically European creation and can be seen as a forerunner of some aspects of both the novel and of classical opera. The current head of the church is the Pope, who resides in Vatican . This paper compares Hinduism on the one part, and Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other part based on the existent points commonality in the Abrahamic religions. [citation needed] Concepts of what is the West arose out of legacies of the Western and the Eastern Roman Empire. [1] Historically, Europe has been the center and cradle of Christian civilization. [43][need quotation to verify] Appiah argues that the origin of the Western and European identity can be traced back to the 8th-century Muslim invasion of Europe via Iberia, when Christians would start to form a common Christian or European identity. Mormonism The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ Mormonism is the religious tradition and theology of the Latter Day Saint movement of Restorationist Christianity started by Joseph Smith in Western New York in the 1820s and 1830s. Newly-found schools, permanent ambassadors, and privy councils were an essential improvement for the Empire. Non-Western countries can make an effort to balance Western power through modernization. A number of popular modern sports were devised or codified in the United Kingdom during the 19th century and obtained global prominence; these include ping pong, modern tennis, association football, netball and rugby.[194]. The novel, which made its appearance in the 18th century, is an essentially European creation. Until the 1950s it was commonly assumed that the religions of the surviving Native Americans were little more than curious anachronisms, dying remnants of humankind's childhood. [124] The electrical motor, dynamo, transformer, electric light, and most of the familiar electrical appliances, were inventions of the West. The Crusaders, known mostly for fighting over holy land, settled in the Levant and acclimated to the local culture and cuisine. Football (or soccer) remains hugely popular in Europe, but has grown from its origins to be known as the world game. [1] These cultures had a number of similarities, such as a common emphasis on the individual, but they also embody fundamentally conflicting worldviews. Zoroastrianism contains both monotheistic and dualistic features. ", "Western Civilization: Roots, History and Culture", "There Is No Such Thing As Western Civilization", "A Philosophical and Historical Analysis of Modern Democracy, Equality, and Freedom Under the Influence of Christianity", "Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution", "Review of The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain (edited by Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson), Times Higher Education Supplement, 15 January 2004", http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/graduation/grad-history.shtml, "IPTO Information Processing Techniques Office", https://books.google.com/books?id=FAHk65slfY4C&pg=PA16, "Arthur C. Clarke Extra Terrestrial Relays", "On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part I", "This Is Cheshire - Winnington history in the making", "Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie. Important Western architectural motifs include the Doric, Corinthian, and Ionic orders of Greek architecture,[114] and the Romanesque, Gothic, Baroque, and Victorian styles, which are still widely recognized and used in contemporary Western architecture. With more than 500 million followers about 7% in the world. The music video was also developed in the West in the middle of the 20th century. And perhaps, at its worst,[citation needed] culminating in Pope Leo III's transfer of the Roman Empire from the Eastern Roman Empire to the Frankish King Charlemagne in the form of the Holy Roman Empire in 800, the Great Schism of 1054, and the devastating Fourth Crusade of 1204. From the late 15th century to the 17th century, Western culture began to spread to other parts of the world through explorers and missionaries during the Age of Discovery, and by imperialists from the 17th century to the early 20th century. [102], 2012 Eurobarometer polls about religiosity in the European Union in 2012 found that Christianity was the largest religion in the European Union, accounting for 72% of the EU population. [140][141][142][143][144], Ubiquitous materials including aluminum, clear glass, synthetic rubber, synthetic diamond and the plastics polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene were discovered and developed or invented in the West. In the following century, this process was further enhanced by an exodus of Greek Christian priests and scholars to Italian cities such as Florence and Venice after the end of the Byzantine Empire with the fall of Constantinople. [31], The main characteristics are economic and political (free trade) democratisation, combined with the spread of an individualised culture. [115], Saracen influence can be seen in medieval cookbooks. The ballet is a distinctively Western form of performance dance. As in its artistic tradition, European literature pays deep tribute to human suffering. [citation needed], In mathematics, calculus, statistics, logic, vectors, tensors and complex analysis, group theory, abstract algebra and topology were developed by Westerners. (Historical Atlas of the World, p. 3). Our experts can deliver a Hinduism Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: Comparison essay. 13, 2023, 5:58 PM ET (AP) [122] The percentage of ethnically European Nobel prize winners during the first and second halves of the 20th century were respectively 98 and 94 percent. Westernization traces its roots back to Ancient Greece. Updates? October 8, 2003 By James Kurth. Regg, Walter: "Foreword. Jan van Eyck, among other renaissance painters, made great advances in oil painting, and perspective drawings and paintings had their earliest practitioners in Florence. Later, ideas of the West were formed by the concepts of Latin Christendom and the Holy Roman Empire. Photography and the motion picture as both a technology and basis for entirely new art forms were also developed in the West. Western culture has been heavily influenced by the Renaissance, the Ages of Discovery and Enlightenment and the Industrial and Scientific Revolutions. The emergent mass media (film, radio, television and recorded music) created a global culture that could ignore national frontiers. 05/08/2020 History College answered Westernization is founded on the blank tradition and Abrahamic and beliefs. Half a century ago, Western civilization was a central idea, and ideal, in American political and intellectual discourse. Westernization, to some schools, is seen as a form of globalization that leads the world to be similar to Western powers. To have such knowledge of such a thing is to dominate it." Samuel P. Huntington posits a conflict between "the West and the Rest" and offers three forms of general action that non-Western civilizations can react toward Western countries.[22]. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The Scots Colleges Abroad: 1575 to 1799 (Brill, Leiden, 2012) p. 115, Ralph Stein (1967). Westernization is often regarded as a part of the ongoing process of globalization. [30] Christianity played a role in ending practices common among pagan societies, such as human sacrifice, slavery,[61] infanticide and polygamy. As the biggest Eastern populations gain more power, they are moving away from the Western influences they sought after in the past. In the 14th century, starting from Italy and then spreading throughout Europe,[65] there was a massive artistic, architectural, scientific and philosophical revival, as a result of the Christian revival of Greek philosophy, and the long Christian medieval tradition that established the use of reason as one of the most important of human activities. This is true whether we go back within Greek philosophy or within Christianity and Judaism and Islam. tailored to your instructions. A modern ubiquitous architectural form that emphasizes this characteristic is the skyscraper, their modern equivalent first developed in New York and Chicago. The Ottoman Empire began to change itself according to modern science, practice, and culture. [184] Non-believers/Agnostics account for 16%,[183] atheists account for 7%,[183] and Muslims account for 2%.[183]. Western Civilization, Our Tradition. Known as bruet Sarassinois in the cuisine of North France, the concept of sweet and sour sauce is attested to in Greek tradition when Anthimus finishes his stew with vinegar and honey. Upon learning about enlightened views, some rulers met with intellectuals and tried to apply their reforms, such as allowing for toleration, or accepting multiple religions, in what became known as enlightened absolutism. What is thought of as Western thought today originates primarily from Greco-Roman and Christian traditions, with varying degrees of influence from the Germanic, Celtic and Slavic peoples, and includes the ideals of the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, Reformation and the Enlightenment.
What Is Unleash The Beast,
Oakland High School Principal,
Houses For Rent Petersburg, Va,
Types Of Coccidiosis In Poultry,
Maha Mite State Tournament 2023,
Articles W