Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 22, 96110. Vlimaa, J. Police Quarterly, 4(4), 402433. To date, however . 2007; Black 2010; Gaston and Brunson 2020). (1992). Police played instrumental and symbolic parts in the formation and reproduction of modern states and national cultures. Policy research in higher education: Theories and methods for globalising times? Race- and ethnic-specific drug arrests from 2011 to 2016 are the dependent variables under study and reflect enforcement patterns. Exploring some global and local policy tensions. Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout. Community Policing to the Nigeria Police system on 27th April, 2004. In contrast, although Hispanics are over-represented in drug enforcement in other cities (Harcourt and Ludwig 2007; Geller and Fagan 2010), they are under-represented in Newark. Policing subculture has been a topic of research that has over time gained notoriety. New York: Social Science Research Council. Out-of-place policing, also known as racial incongruity, is another type of racial profiling in which officers tend to surveil, stop, frisk, search or arrest persons whose race mismatches the neighbourhood racial composition (Fagan and Davies 2000; Meehan and Ponder 2002; Gelman et al. Google Scholar. (, Barrett, G. A., Fletcher, S. M. and Patel, T. G. (, Beckett, K., Nyrop, K. and Pfingst, L. (, Chiricos, T., Hogan, M. and Gertz, M. (, Chiricos, T., McEntire, R. and Gertz, M. (, Chiricos, T., Welch, K. and Gertz, M. (, Eitle, D., DAlessio, S. J. and Stolzenberg, L. (, Engel, R. S., Smith, M. R. and Cullen, F. T. (, Epp, C. R., Maynard-Moody, S. and Haider-Markel, D. P. (, Fagan, J., Braga, A. The lack of foundational theories and . Additionally, 29 per cent of Newarks residents are foreign born with more than two-thirds from Latin America, most self-identifying as Hispanic (U.S. Census Bureau 2017). 2008). The organizational style of the police is authoritarian racial threat, benign neglect or defended neighbourhoods) and/or out-of-place policing. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, Race, Crime and Injustice? Search Despite reasons for doubt, leading theoretical explanations, such as racial conflict theories, imply that racialized policing should lessen in contexts where citizens and officers of colour are the majority. Lyotard, J.-F. (1984). It has been traditionally shown that police officers, like others, develop their motivations largely from learning from their colleagues and surroundings. Then, we conducted seemingly unrelated regression post-estimation (hereafter SUR) in STATA to assess whether coefficients significantly differed between BlackWhite, BlackHispanic and WhiteHispanic arrest models. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 13(3), 387395. Critical Discourse Studies, 9(2), 133147. @free.kindle.com emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. The variables loaded well onto a single factor and produced an index alpha of 0.83. (2004). This under-studied (majorityminority) racial/ethnic context provides a unique opportunity to examine whether racial/ethnic congruity between police and residents reduces longstanding, racialized policing of minority citizens as some public officials and racial conflict theories contend. The magnitude of this effect is similar between Whites and Hispanics but the effect for Whites (2 = 9.34, p 0.01) and Hispanics (2 = 27.71, p 0.001) is significantly stronger than that for Blacks. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. We caution that conflating the policing experiences of different minority groups has the potential to impede research and policy advancements. The Specifically, officers tend to arrest Black citizens found in communities with sizeable White and Hispanic populations. Jann, W., & Wegrich, K. (2007). deLeon, P., & Vogenbeck, D. (2007). The traditional learning methods in policing, specifically a large reliance on field-training are not often suitable because this avenue of learning, while potentially beneficial, is not necessarily balanced with the theories and academic learning that support more efficient and effective police techniques and ideologies. (1996). The term 'policy community' is utilized most commonly for these purposes, but terms like 'policy domain' or 'policy subsystem' are also used. (1996). Whither the state and education policy? To save content items to your account, White households have a median income of $46,022 compared to $33,270 for Hispanics and $30,429 for Blacks (U.S. Census Bureau 2017). @kindle.com emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. Due to white flight between 1940 and 1970, White residents constitute 11 per cent of the population. 2005; Greene 2011). Expert moves: International comparative testing and the rise of expertocracy. (2001). Start a 14-Day Trial for You or Your Team. It then articulates some of the current research in community policing theory and calls for the creation of a theoretical framework under which community policing can be analyzed and evaluated. Moreover, officers might view intra-racial crimes involving minority victims as personal matters to be handled informally (Black 2010) and not deserving of governmental resources or protection (Chamlin 1987; Hawkins 1987), thus reducing minority arrests. Therefore, racially disparate policing is a global phenomenon as revealed in studies conducted in the United Kingdom (Phillips and Bowling 2003; Newburn et al. Violent crimes include robbery, murder, aggravated assault and rape, whereas property crimes include burglary, larceny, auto theft and arson. SUR allows for coefficient comparison while accounting for cross-equation correlations in error terms as a result of the models emanating from the same census tracts (Ousey 1999; Parker et al. doi:10.1080/14767720903166103. Nevertheless, we include violent crime, property crime and drug-related calls for service from 2011 to 2016 to account for these potentially important relationships. (1994b). A two-dimensional framework is proposed based on a psychological and a sociological level of analysis. Springer, Cham. The state is considered the sole source of the right to use violence (Weber, 1948: 78). Buckingham: Open University Press. (2002). SpringerBriefs in Criminology(). Find out more about saving content to Google Drive. Journal of Education Policy, 10(1), 2744. Additionally, organizational deviance, which is developed through employee socialization, is another factor affecting contemporary policing nationwide. Officers responded to all calls for service that required a police response, which may or may not have resulted in arrest. You may be able to access this content by logging in via your Emerald profile. Higher Education, 43(3), 281309. Community-oriented policing was the first major change in American New York: Pantheon. Racial conflict theories are the predominant theoretical framework in the race and policing literature. Racial conflict is typically operationalized as the relative size of the Black population, which has been consistently shown to significantly predict formal social control. The paper traces the evolution of community policing as a paradigm in the Kuhnian sense, then proceeds to articulate how it has moved from "revolutionary science" to "normal science". aData Source: American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, 201216. Characteristics of Newark, NJ, and the United States, 20112016. officer race) alone are insufficient to addressing deeply entrenched race and policing problems. David Aspland This paper considers a theoretical framework to benchmark the interaction of the two sectors in formal and informal public-private partnerships in policing. In sum, our results of differential policing between Hispanic and Black Americans under-score the need for future research and theories that move beyond the BlackWhite dichotomy and investigate similarities and differences in policing within and across various racial and ethnic groups. Submitting a report will send us an email through our customer support system. doi:10.1023/A:1014616110418. Rizvi, F., & Lingard, B. Researching educational policy and change in new times: Using critical discourse analysis. Global Education Inc.: New policy networks and the neoliberal imaginary. Fairclough, I., & Fairclough, N. (2013). In sum, Hispanic arrests tend to occur in areas with low socio-economic disadvantage. In response to perceived threats, residents and police in predominantly White areas might seek to defend the territory and White interests through a variety of tactics, such as expressions of anti-Black prejudice, racial discrimination, interracial or hate-motivated violence and racialized policing (Blumer 1958; Green et al. doi:10.1146/annurev.so.17.080191.000541. John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA, You can also search for this author in 4362). Stated differently, findings from Newark suggest that racialized policing cannot be detached from the broader contexts of structural inequality (Mason 2020: 383), signifying that discrimination will likely persist irrespective of the racial/ethnic composition of police institutions and geographies. A Framework for Action Bureau of Justice Assistance MONOGRAPH ii Bureau of Justice Assistance This document was prepared by the Community Policing Consortium, supported by grant number 93-DD-CX-K005, awarded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance, U.S. Department of Justice. Select data courtesy of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2009; Gaston 2018), our results indicate a linear relationship between racial composition and arrests. (2009) found a positive, curvilinear effect of White percentage on Black adolescents perceptions of police discrimination, controlling for a host of relevant individual, family and neighbourhood characteristics. Several community contextual variables come from the ACS, including census tract-level socio-economic and racial conflict indicators. Dale, R. (2005). Poster, M. (1984). In A. Nordin & D. Sundberg (Eds. Render date: 2023-07-01T10:51:51.883Z Might it be in the practice that it fails to succeed? Hispanic people were under-represented in Newark drug arrests relative to their population makeup, and we find no relationship between their arrests and racial conflict indicators. PDF/EPUB Police violence has increasingly been recognized as a public health concern in the United States, and accumulating evidence has shown police violence exposure to be linked to a broad range of health and mental health outcomes. The critical policy discourse analysis frame: Helping doctoral students engage with the educational policy analysis. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 7(3), 289306. There are a range of interesting approaches you can use: - Sabatier. Most fields can be reduced to several underlying assumptions which form the "basic . Local responses to institutional policy: A discursive approach to positioning. Rates of violent crime and property crime, respectively, were calculated by computing the annual rate per 100,000 residents before averaging over the six-year period [e.g. London: Sage. Whatever happened to the subject and the state in policy research in education? Turning to communities socio-economic conditions, the measure of socio-economic disadvantage is not significantly related to Black or White drug arrests but has a negative and significant association with Hispanic arrests (b = 0.30, RSE = 0.15, p 0.05). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Newarks median household income is $33,025, 40 per cent less than the national average of $55,322. Annual Review of Sociology, 17(1), 105131. doi:10.1080/17437270903259865. (1994). This article examines community-level predictors of racial/ethnic differences in drug arrests from 2011 to 2016 across 86 census tracts in Newark, NJ, a city where most officers and residents are persons of colour. Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich. In F. Fischer, G. Miller, & M. S. Sidney (Eds. Increased public concern about policeminority tensions is often met with mandates to diversify police forces. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library. doi:10.1080/0268093022000043092. In predominantly White communities, residents and police might perceive Black people as challenging the neighbourhood social order and its racially homogeneous identity. Regime policing protects governments rather than citizens; answers to a regime rather than the people; controls rather than protects populations; privileges a dominant group; and remains separate from communities. 2012; Gaston 2018). ), Handbook of public policy analysis: Theory, politics, and methods (pp. Neoliberalism as discourse: Between Foucauldian political economy and Marxian poststructuralism. For instance, focusing mostly on Black and White racial groups in the United States, these studies show that Black percentageand Hispanic percentage in fewer studiesis positively predictive of an array of policing outcomes, such as traffic stops, searches, arrests, allocation of police resources, police force size, police use of force and police militarization (Kane 2003; Smith and Holmes 2003, 2014; Kent and Jacobs 2005; Harcourt and Ludwig 2007; Stults and Baumer 2007; Eitle and Monahan 2009; Roh and Robinson 2009; Fagan et al. New York: Seabury Press. Ball, S. J. This well-known definition of the modern state, coined by Max Weber, alludes to the important role of police. 1985). 2006; Geller and Fagan 2010; Epp et al. A policy trajectory approach consists of the contexts of influences, policy text production, practices/effects and longer term outcomes. This finding suggests that factors beyond Whites perception of threat are attributable to racially disparate policing and that racism can endure even amid increased racial/ethnic diversity. Racial conflict theories are the predominant theoretical framework in the race and policing literature. A positive association between income competition and arrests would be supportive of the economic threat thesis. Require these words, in this exact order. Theories on Policing and Communities Christian Mouhanna Reference work entry First Online: 27 November 2018 477 Accesses 1 Citations Download reference work entry PDF Overview In most countries with an elaborate theory on policing, any discussion on topics such as "the police" and "the community" is bound to raise the issue of community policing. (1998). Do not surround your terms in double-quotes ("") in this field. Community epidemic prevention is the first line of defense against the epidemic, and the grass-roots police force is the main body of this line of defense and plays a great role. hasContentIssue false, Arab Citizens: National Minority and Police, The Skin Color Effect: Police and the Jews of Ethiopian Descent, The Religious Factor: Ultra-Orthodox Jews (Haredim), Integration and Citizenship: Russian Immigrants, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108265164.002, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. Learning Standards and the Assessment of Quality in Higher Education: Contested Policy Trajectories pp 6987Cite as, Part of the Policy Implications of Research in Education book series (PIRE,volume 7). Comparative Education, 34(2), 119130. Stanford University. Work attitudes of police recruits: Is there a family connection? It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. doi:10.1080/03075070701267244. (2004) found evidence consistent with benign neglect in their city-level analysis of violent crime arrests. When controlling for legally relevant factors, the findings indicated that Black arrests reflected racialized policing. Espousing the broken window theory as theoretical framework, community policing is considered as a proactive crime and disorder reducing strategy as against the 'pursue and catch' reactive. Race/Ethnicity and Quality-of-Life Policing in the Changing Suburbs, Race, Drugs, and Policing: Understanding Disparities in Drug Delivery Arrests, Toward a Theory of Minority-Group Relations, Inequality and Heterogeneity: A Primitive Theory of Social Structure, Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position. doi:10.1080/00131910701427231. Evans, J., Davies, B., & Penney, D. (1994). Policy research in educational settings: Contested terrain. Journal of Education Policy, 25(4), 443463. Violent crime rates have a positive, significant relationship with Black drug arrests (b = 0.95, RSE = 0.14, p 0.001) but no significant effect on the other two groups arrest. (Original work published 1977). Dale, R. (1989). Despite several agencies striving to obtain greater minority representation among rank-and-file officers, diversity efforts have failed to produce the desired outcomes. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. We account for this facet of ethnic diversity, advancing theory and research by examining the effect of foreign-born percentage on drug arrests. Racial conflict theories should articulate, for example, the impacts of expanding racial/ethnic diversity on formal social control as well as implications for racial, economic, political, and social hierarchies. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. New York: Routledge. Hyatt, D. (2013a). 490-509. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639519810228796, Visit emeraldpublishing.com/platformupdate to discover the latest news and updates, Answers to the most commonly asked questions here. Thanks for helping us catch any problems with articles on DeepDyve. In sum, in racially heterogeneous areas, Whites might perceive minorities as threatening to their supremacy and intensifying competition for scarce resources. A comprehensive theory of police functions and services requires a conceptual framework for explicitly relating the person, the process, and the product. In other words, Blacks face a unique risk of drug arrests in areas with high violent crime rates, a risk significantly stronger than that for Whites (2 = 4.25, p 0.05) or Hispanics (2 = 18.34, p 0.001) according to the SUR results. The social disorganization literature consistently extols the crime-reduction benefits of immigration (Martnez 2014; Ousey and Kubrin 2014). please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. The choice of framework depends on your analytical interest. . Costa, E. (2011). Globalisation, knowledge economy and comparative education. To get new article updates from a journal on your personalized homepage, please log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you dont already have one. The largest city in New Jersey and an 18-minute commute to New York City, Newark is home to a demographically and socio-economically diverse population and has been predominantly a city of colour since the 1970s. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 30(3), 287305. Fairclough, N. (1992). You can change your cookie settings through your browser. 2016; White and Fradella 2016; Gaston 2019), South Africa (Baker 2002; Samara 2010; Clarno and Murray 2013; Kynoch 2016), the Netherlands (Leerkes et al. 2004; Sharp and Atherton 2007; Burnett 2012; Barrett et al. Teaching in Higher Education, 18(8), 833845. The theory also posits that crimes. Analyses of the dichotomous variables yield findings substantively similar to those using continuous measures. These protests left an indelible stain, and Black Newark residents would complain of poor treatment at the hands of NPD officers for several decades that followed. Apple, M. W. (2004). In terms of policy processes , Jann and Wegrich ( 2007) suggested that early theoretical frameworks for policy analysis generally revolved around four discrete and linear stages in the policy cycle, which they summarised as: (1) agenda-setting; (2) policy formulation and decision-making; (3) implementation; and (4) evaluation. Minority Paradoxes: Ethnic Differences in Self-Reported Offending and Official Crime Statistics, Do Precinct Characteristics Influence Stop-and-Frisk in New York City? 2006; Geller and Fagan 2010; Gaston 2018). "coreDisableSocialShare": false, 2023 DeepDyve, Inc. All rights reserved. The . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. The politics of pedagogy: Making a national curriculum physical education. We conclude with recommendations for future theoretical redevelopment. Community policing is expected to increase collective efficacy by providing more opportunities for residents to interact with one . ), Find out more about saving to your Kindle, Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108265164.002.
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