the term deviance can be defined as:

Further, it elaborates on what causes deviance within society. In the quest to understand the phenomenon of deviance, the question of whether deviant acts and, therefore, deviant individuals are born or is society the one that labels them as such arises. The other types of online disruptive activities are included under the umbrella term of cyber deviance, which relates to informal violations of laws (Jewkes and Yar, 2013; Graham and Smith, 2019; Yar and Steinmetz, 2019). Traditional school bullying and cyberbullying perpetration: examining the psychosocial characteristics of hong kong male and female adolescents. Traditional, cyber and combined bullying roles: differences in risky online and offline activities. Primary groups, such as families, work groups, or teams, and close social groups may control deviance through direct or immediate sanctions over their members. Social Forces 84, 375390. Considering the ideas of these orientations, deviance in teenagers is associated with family factors, peer group pressure, and school climate. Hirschi's theories of social control (Hirschi, 1969, 2017; Pratt and Cullen, 2000), the theory of differential association (Sutherland et al., 1992; Ogien, 2002), and Glaser's theory of differential identifications (Erikson, 1962; Glaser, 1971; Rowitz, 1981) present deviance as a result of group socialization. The dataset was created by employing three main criteria (TS = Topic/Subject): TS1 = (devian* OR disruptive behavior OR immoral OR amoral OR harming practices OR incivility OR bad behavior OR harming behavior OR deviant behavior OR moral panic OR delinquency OR anomie OR immorality OR social disorder OR antisocial behavior); TS2 = (devian* AND adolescen*) OR TS = (devian* AND teenage*) OR TS = (devian* AND school*); TS3 = (Online devian* AND adolesc*) OR TS = (Online devian* AND teenage*) OR TS = (Cyber* AND adolesc*) OR TS = (Cyber* AND teenage) OR TS = (Digital* AND adolesc*) OR TS = (Digital* AND teenage*); From the obtained results, we constructed two datasets, one with the most cited articles (full text based on all three criteria) and a larger one comprising only abstracts (focused on adolescent deviance criteria 2 and 3). Justice 32, 108128. The least consistent category between those created using word frequency query is related to adolescence. mile Durkheim believed that deviance is a normal part of every society. Hinduja, S., and Patchin, J. W. (2008). 0 The regulation and enforcement of norms. doi: 10.1177/0891241607301968, Agnew, R. (1985). 12:645126. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645126. Gender differences in associations with deviant peer groups: examining individual, interactional, and compositional factors. Influence of parental styles and other psychosocial variables on the development of externalizing behaviors in adolescents: a sytematic review. J. Sociol. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Glaser, D. (1971). 41, 11431156. Identifying predictors of unwanted online sexual conversations among youth using a low self-control and routine activity framework. doi: 10.1080/01972243.2015.1069770, Van Deursen, A. J. The sociological discipline that deals with crime (behavior that violates laws) is criminology (also known as criminal justice ). (2007). 61, 635655. What is deviance? While the current understanding of deviance is rooted in Durkheim's (2002) definition of crime, the debate on cyber deviance (online deviance) can be traced back to Wall's (2001) conceptualization of cybercrime. As compared to other systematic reviews focused only on a specific field of deviance (McGrath et al., 2011; Brauer and Tittle, 2012; Longobardi and Badenes-Ribera, 2019; Estvez et al., 2020), we analyzed the deviance in a general manner. A particular category of deviance, increasingly common nowadays, is cyber-deviance, which refers to the harmful activities happening in the digital sphere (Jewkes and Yar, 2013; Graham and Smith, 2019; Yar and Steinmetz, 2019). 35, 394411. With regards to presenting institutionalization and confinement as instruments to impose the rules of the dominant groups, Foucault (1971, 2007) explains how the external discipline is transferred to a discipline that is imposed from within. It addresses the instincts, inherited qualities, and physical structure of an individual as scientific proof behind deviance and criminal mindset and behaviour of an individual. 28, 1229. Milton Park: Routledge. Cloward, R. A. For building our database, we chose words that referred to deviance in general, deviance as occurring in adolescence, and online deviance during teenage years. Deviant Behav. 72, 7793. Consequently, we added two additional stages, a manual assessment of the study field of research methods and a frequency query. doi: 10.1080/00405847709542675, Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., and Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Stage 3 consisted of applying the coding schema to the two established datasets (61 full text and 488 abstracts) and compared the results with the hierarchical word clusters through correspondence analysis and crosstabulations. Variables such as inappropriate parenting practices and parental supervision (Sampson and Laub, 1992, 1994; Zhang and Messner, 1995; Wiesner and Shukla, 2018) and family structure aspects including broken home, household size, sibling rank, and family environment (LeFlore, 1988) are worthy to be taken into consideration while studying deviance in general and teenagers' deviance, in particular. Given the grouping of predictors based on technical modularity shown in Figure 8, we identified five main categories of predictors of deviance: family patterns (parental deviance, parental monitoring, paternal incarceration, parenting practices, etc. Which of the following is not true about deviance? Family deviance, self-control, deviant lifestyles, and youth violent victimization: a latent indirect effects analysis. Deviant Behav. The self-organizing map of abstracts partially reflected the map of codes that we developed, even if the employed colors did not coincide. Deviant Behav. Underage drinking, alcohol sales and collective efficacy: informal control and opportunity in the study of alcohol use. Soc. 46, 553581. Outsiders. Res. Drustvena Istrazivanja 26, 5978. My name is Isha Rane. The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.748006/full#supplementary-material, Adamczyk, A. as happily as possibleD. Figure 12. doi: 10.1080/01639625.2017.1305203, Gottschalk, P. (2020). New York, NY: Taylor and Francis; Routledge. The role of deviant lifestyles on violent victimization in multiple contexts. 31, 625654. J. Therefore, cybercrime refers to online harmful activities sanctioned by formal laws. By holistically examining the two datasets, we provided an overview of the field. Q. 51, 329. Bandura, A. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.05.002, Rosa, H., Pereira, N., Ribeiro, R., Ferreira, P. C., Carvalho, J. P., Oliveira, S., et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health 104, 4859. y This is because norm-breaking behaviors may be included in the formal regulations at any time and certain behaviors that are sanctioned by law may not be regarded as deviant in all contexts. Differential association theory b. (1978). Speaking the same language? 37, 748760. Sociologists may study both with equal interest, but, as a whole, society views crime as far more significant. Formal social control in the United States typically involves the legal system (police, judges and prosecutors, corrections officials) and also, for businesses, the many local, state, and federal regulatory agencies that constitute the regulatory system. Familial and religious influences on adolescent alcohol use: a multi-level study of students and school communities. Deviant Behavior. Inform. doi: 10.1080/02732173.2012.646160, Broos, A., and Roe, K. (2006). 16, 5359. Social media use and externalizing behaviors during early adolescence. or codified law. [4] This can be used for hypothesis testing on the deviance. Sociol. The next stage consisted of generating a self-map analysis based on the terms' frequency and cluster identification (Figures 10A,B). 65, 159185. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rev. Human Deviance, Social Problems, and Social Control. Self-control as a general theory of crime. New York, NY: Basic Books. 107, 9901064. deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules or sanctions to an offender. The deviant is one to whom that label has been successfully applied; deviant behavior is behavior that people so label. Sociol. Predictors of cyber deviance grounded on modularity procedure. Parallel to this dataset, we created a second dataset that included articles, reviews, and book chapters that also contain deviance and adolescence or online deviance and adolescence as their key focuses. The individuals committing rule-breaking, deviants, may be disciplined harshly and, therefore, eventually become a non-deviant (Foucault, 1971, 2007; Turkel, 1990). c. Social reward for the violation of norms. . A sociological perspective on labeling in mental retardation. It is also believed that deviance plays a huge part in uniting people. For the comprehensive analysis carried out in this study, we implemented computational text analysis methods using KH Coder (Higuchi, 2016), which allowed us to explore almost 500 articles. Criminology and the study of deviance. 45, 8397. = Religiosity and adolescent substance use: the role of individual and contextual influences. It highlights their focus on revealing and characterizing the predictors of deviance, mainly using strain theory (Aseltine et al., 2000; Cheung and Cheung, 2010; Adamczyk, 2012; Bruno et al., 2012; Scheuerman, 2019), social control (Free, 1992; Woodward et al., 2001; Jang, 2002; Byrd et al., 2015), social learning theories (Barnes and Farrell, 1992; Benda, 1994; Winfree et al., 1994; Terrell, 1997; Regnerus, 2002), or routine opportunity theories (Osgood et al., 1996; Marcum et al., 2010; Maimon and Browning, 2012b; Ragan et al., 2014; Yuan and McNeeley, 2018). , This sociological theory is concerned with how crime is learned in As we have presented in the results section, our systematic literature review involved the analysis of two databases, namely 61 sources in extenso (Dataset 1) and 488 abstracts (Dataset 2). doi: 10.1525/si.2005.28.3.387, Zych, I., Baldry, A. C., Farrington, D. P., and Llorent, V. J. Other deviance is defined in terms of individual pathology (e.g., psychosis, extreme neurosis). The article explains the meaning and definition of deviance. Psychol. Rev. As Parsons (1951) emphasizes, deviance affects both the individual and the macrosystem, characterized by deviation from the moral and established rules that form the mainstream culture. The act of notifying authorities when criminal acts are occurring. The phenomenon of deviance has an extensive volume of literature that is organized in disparate clusters of studies on various specific types that arouse social concern on the one hand and a preoccupation with in-depth accounts of theoretical approaches on the other. Deviance or the sociology of deviance [1] [2] explores the actions and/or behaviors that violate social norms across formally enacted rules (e.g., crime) [3] as well as informal violations of social norms (e.g., rejecting folkways and mores ). I am aiming to pursue a career in the development sector. 39, 747757. As the author explained, school-level variables account for the largest variance (Hatos, 2010b). Figure 3. Concerning online deviance, most of the systematic reviews refer to a specific type of behavior, which is cyberbullying (Kowalski et al., 2014; Watts et al., 2017; Vale et al., 2018; Rosa et al., 2019; Zych et al., 2019). 36, 8192. In total, the first group of topics includes 10 articles. Am. (2019). The politics of the gene: social status and beliefs about genetics for individual outcomes. doi: 10.1016/j.poetic.2006.05.002, Brossard, B. Available online at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2089427, Cohen, A. K. (1955). All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Pratt, T. C., Barnes, J. C., Cullen, F. T., and Turanovic, J. J. Ben-Yehuda, N. (1990). D. The regulation and enforcement of norms Click the card to flip Forces 57, 5778. 6, 281295. doi: 10.1080/01639620601131065. One reason people engage in deviant behaviour, for example, may be a state of anomie, which is social instability arising from an absence of clear social norms and values. Computer proficiency and technology use correlate with cyber deviant acts, including hacking, digital piracy, and online harassment (Lee, 2018). Inquiry 31, 195223. Figure 1. 37, 558575. Fifth, why are some individuals and those from certain social backgrounds more likely than other individuals to be considered deviant and punished for deviant behavior? Theory of convenience: determinants of white-collar crime intention. Complete the Module 6 Discussion Board: Schwartz. The act of incest is deprecated in many societies, although it may not be considered a gruesome offence but is considered taboo. Sociol. Justice 37, 378395. {\displaystyle d(y,\mu )} Positive deviance in infection prevention and control: a systematic literature review. Do life course transitions and social bonds influence male and female offending differently? Social control refers to ways in which a society tries to prevent and sanction behavior that violates norms. Psychol. Routine activities and individual deviant behavior. Aggress. Then, we searched and analyzed the relevant articles. Criminol. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Consistent with the age-crime curve approach (Moffitt, 1993b; Shulman et al., 2013; Farrington, 2017) which sustains that teenagers engage into deviant behaviors more often than other categories, adolescence is worth considering in studying deviance. The first identified cluster mostly overlaps with the nodes related to online deviance, predictors of cyber-deviance, predictors of deviance, delinquency, and opportunity theories. (2011). The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. J. Sociol. Deviance refers to rule-breaking behaviour of some kind which fails to conform to the norms and expectations of a particular society or social group. In the late 1800s, many Americans used cocaine, marijuana, and opium, because they were common components of over-the-counter products for symptoms like depression, insomnia, menstrual cramps, migraines, and toothaches. 19, 315326. Defining deviance: a comparative review of textbooks in the sociology of deviance. 3, 400420. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.1, Maimon, D., and Browning, C. R. (2012a). doi: 10.2307/2094962, DiMaggio, P., and Garip, F. (2012). , Deviance brings positive outcomes within society. Ally's father was sent to prison when she was 12 for the trafficking of narcotics; her brother was
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