father of science aristotle

His most important treatises include Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics, Politics, On the Soul and Poetics. Aristotle was the first to make Political Science a real science by sending out his students to go out and gather data from the different Greek city-states. Aristotle's views profoundly shaped medieval scholarship. These were his preferred fields, although Aristotle studied and wrote about all the sciences. [133], While it is believed that Aristotle's Poetics originally comprised two books one on comedy and one on tragedy only the portion that focuses on tragedy has survived. Compare the medieval tale of Phyllis and Alexander above. Aristotle taught that tragedy is composed of six elements: plot-structure, character, style, thought, spectacle, and lyric poetry. John Philoponus (in Late antiquity) and Galileo (in Early modern period) are said to have shown by experiment that Aristotle's claim that a heavier object falls faster than a lighter object is incorrect. The logical works of Aristotle were compiled into a set of six books called the Organon around 40 BC by Andronicus of Rhodes or others among his followers. The first Greek Christians to comment extensively on Aristotle were Philoponus, Elias, and David in the sixth century, and Stephen of Alexandria in the early seventh century. Aristotle's scheme added the heavenly aether, the divine substance of the heavenly spheres, stars and planets. Averroes, Avicenna and Alpharabius, who wrote on Aristotle in great depth, also influenced Thomas Aquinas and other Western Christian scholastic philosophers. He had a low opinion of retail, believing that contrary to using money to procure things one needs in managing the household, retail trade seeks to make a profit. quivi vid'o Socrate e Platone [118] He famously stated that "man is by nature a political animal" and argued that humanity's defining factor among others in the animal kingdom is its rationality. It was above all from his teachings that the West inherited its intellectual lexicon, as well as problems and methods of inquiry. the ability to initiate movement (or in the case of plants, growth and chemical transformations, which Aristotle considers types of movement). Khanna, Text Book Of Embryology, p. 2, "the father of psychology": Margot Esther Borden, Psychology in the Light of the East, p. 4, "the father of realism": Russell L. Hamm, Philosophy and Education: Alternatives in Theory and Practice, p. 58. Some of his technical terms remain in use, such as carpel from carpos, fruit, and pericarp, from pericarpion, seed chamber. Armand Marie Leroi has reconstructed Aristotle's biology,[202] while Niko Tinbergen's four questions, based on Aristotle's four causes, are used to analyse animal behaviour; they examine function, phylogeny, mechanism, and ontogeny. Aristotle concludes Poetics with a discussion on which, if either, is superior: epic or tragic mimesis. It is therefore all the more remarkable that together they comprise a highly developed logical theory, one that was able to command immense respect for many centuries: Kant, who was ten times more distant from Aristotle than we are from him, even held that nothing significant had been added to . A memory occurs when stimuli such as sights or sounds are so complex that the nervous system cannot receive all the impressions at once. "the father of biology": S. C. Datt, S. B. Srivastava, Science and society, p. 93. [120], The common modern understanding of a political community as a modern state is quite different from Aristotle's understanding. Aristotle. [11] In contrast to earlier philosophers, but in accordance with the Egyptians, he placed the rational soul in the heart, rather than the brain. Eliot, p. 70. [109] In De Anima iii 3, Aristotle ascribes the ability to create, to store, and to recall images in the absence of perception to the faculty of imagination, phantasia. Ink and watercolour on paper, 1493, Aristotle by Justus van Gent. The rolls needed repairing, and the texts clarifying and copying on to new papyrus (imported from Egypt Moses' bulrushes). [115], Aristotle taught that virtue has to do with the proper function (ergon) of a thing. [173] Dante even acknowledges Aristotle's influence explicitly in the poem, specifically when Virgil justifies the Inferno's structure by citing the Nicomachean Ethics. The philosopher Bertrand Russell [40], Aristotle considered ethics to be a practical rather than theoretical study, i.e., one aimed at becoming good and doing good rather than knowing for its own sake. Was Aristotle the inventor of science? | New Scientist He was a student of Plato and a tutor of Alexander the Great, and his works on a wide range of subjects have had a lasting influence on . While in Athens, his wife Pythias died and Aristotle became involved with Herpyllis of Stagira. Aristotle also made many observations about the hydrologic cycle and meteorology (including his major writings "Meteorologica"). [11], One component of Aristotle's theory of dreams disagrees with previously held beliefs. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.) "the father of individualism": Allan Gotthelf, Gregory Salmieri, A Companion to Ayn Rand, p. 325. He was born in Stageira, Chalcidice, in 384 BC, near modern-day Thessaloniki in the northern Greek area of Macedonia. In general, the details of Aristotle's life are not well-established. Aristotle's writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, and politics. 1. [210][208] Cicero's description of Aristotle's literary style as "a river of gold" must have applied to the published works, not the surviving notes. The first man to distinguish between various branches of knowledge had been Aristotle. He suggests that because tragedy possesses all the attributes of an epic, possibly possesses additional attributes such as spectacle and music, is more unified, and achieves the aim of its mimesis in shorter scope, it can be considered superior to epic. Aristotle's ontology places the universal (katholou) in particulars (kath' hekaston), things in the world, whereas for Plato the universal is a separately existing form which actual things imitate. It was Martin Heidegger, not Nietzsche, who elaborated a new interpretation of Aristotle, intended to warrant his deconstruction of scholastic and philosophical tradition. Although his respect for Aristotle was diminished as his travels made it clear that much of Aristotle's geography was clearly wrong, when the old philosopher released his works to the public, Alexander complained "Thou hast not done well to publish thy acroamatic doctrines; for in what shall I surpass other men if those doctrines wherein I have been trained are to be all men's common property?"[154]. James P. Sterba, From Rationality to Equality, p. 94. [213][214], According to Strabo and Plutarch, after Aristotle's death, his library and writings went to Theophrastus (Aristotle's successor as head of the Lycaeum and the Peripatetic school). The forms also differ in their object of imitation. He was the author of a philosophical and scientific system that became the framework and vehicle for both Christian Scholasticism and medieval Islamic philosophy. che 'nnanzi a li altri pi presso li stanno; I saw the Master there of those who know, [12], The Dutch historian of science Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis wrote that Aristotle and his predecessors showed the difficulty of science by "proceed[ing] so readily to frame a theory of such a general character" on limited evidence from their senses. [3] [4] His father, Nicomachus, was the personal physician to King Amyntas of Macedon. "[157], Greek Christian scribes played a crucial role in the preservation of Aristotle by copying all the extant Greek language manuscripts of the corpus. [52][53], In astronomy, Aristotle refuted Democritus's claim that the Milky Way was made up of "those stars which are shaded by the earth from the sun's rays," pointing out correctly that if "the size of the sun is greater than that of the earth and the distance of the stars from the earth many times greater than that of the sun, then the sun shines on all the stars and the earth screens none of them. Aristotle. The father of zoology is considered to be Aristotle, who was born in 384 BC. Aristotle, (born 384 bce, Stagiradied 322 bce, Chalcis), ancient Greek philosopher and scientist whose thought determined the course of Western intellectual history for two millennia. Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip II of Macedon, tutored his son Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC. [123] Aristotle believed that although communal arrangements may seem beneficial to society, and that although private property is often blamed for social strife, such evils in fact come from human nature. [13] Aristotle encouraged Alexander toward eastern conquest, and Aristotle's own attitude towards Persia was unabashedly ethnocentric. Aristotle (/rsttl/;[1] Greek: Aristotls, pronounced[aristotls]; 384322BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. ), additionally Middle Platonism and Neoplatonism. [40] In Aristotle's terminology, "natural philosophy" is a branch of philosophy examining the phenomena of the natural world, and includes fields that would be regarded today as physics, biology and other natural sciences. They had a daughter, whom they also named Pythias. William Robert Wians, Aristotle's Philosophical Development: Problems and Prospects, p. 1. Aristotle's conception of the city is organic, and he is considered one of the first to conceive of the city in this manner. Oil on canvas, 1637, Aristotle with a Bust of Homer by Rembrandt. In an 1882 letter he wrote that "Linnaeus and Cuvier have been my two gods, though in very different ways, but they were mere schoolboys to old Aristotle". [41], Aristotle describes two kinds of motion: "violent" or "unnatural motion", such as that of a thrown stone, in the Physics (254b10), and "natural motion", such as of a falling object, in On the Heavens (300a20). Aristotle, father of scientific racism - The Washington Post Aristotle identified such an optimum activity (the virtuous mean, between the accompanying vices of excess or deficiency[15]) of the soul as the aim of all human deliberate action, eudaimonia, generally translated as "happiness" or sometimes "well-being". [164] Medieval Muslim scholars regularly described Aristotle as the "First Teacher". |q (Herbert Alan) Davidson, Professor of Hebrew Emeritus Herbert Davidson, Moses Maimonides: The Man and His Works, p. 98. [182] Aristotle rigidly separated action from production, and argued for the deserved subservience of some people ("natural slaves"),[183] and the natural superiority (virtue, arete) of others. [51], According to Aristotle, spontaneity and chance are causes of some things, distinguishable from other types of cause such as simple necessity. [A] Aristotle was born in 384 BC [B] in Stagira, Chalcidice, [2] about 55 km (34 miles) east of modern-day Thessaloniki. Comedy, for instance, is a dramatic imitation of men worse than average; whereas tragedy imitates men slightly better than average. [74][75], Instead, he practiced a different style of science: systematically gathering data, discovering patterns common to whole groups of animals, and inferring possible causal explanations from these. [186][187] Also, in later editions of the book "On the Origin of Species', Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle;[188] the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles. Tragedy is the imitation of action arousing pity and fear, and is meant to effect the catharsis of those same emotions. The library was stored there for about a century and a half, in conditions that were not ideal for document preservation. Aristotle is considered the father of zoology because of his major contributions to zoology which include a huge amount of information regarding the variety, structure, behaviour of animals, the analysis of the different parts of living organisms and the beginnings of the science of taxonomy. This then is the mode of the mixture; and the mark of a good mixture of democracy and oligarchy is when it is possible to speak of the same constitution as a democracy and as an oligarchy. [150], Aristotle's pupil and successor, Theophrastus, wrote the History of Plants, a pioneering work in botany. Introduction. When the best people come to live life this way their practical wisdom (phronesis) and their intellect (nous) can develop with each other towards the highest possible human virtue, the wisdom of an accomplished theoretical or speculative thinker, or in other words, a philosopher. As a final example, fecundity decreases with lifespan, so long-lived kinds like elephants have fewer young in total than short-lived kinds like mice.
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