Missing data are indicated with a - when a character does not develop in the species, or with a ? when a character is not mentioned in the description. Maxwell EE. EH and IW analyzed the data. In other birds, the metotic cartilage was continuous with the basal plate (Falco [48], Phalacrocorax [61], Euplectes [50], Melopsittacus [49]), or continuous with the otic capsule (Struthio [25, 65], Spheniscus [47, 94]) before being cartilaginous. Cell death in the AER creates separate ridges for each digit forming webbed fingers and toes. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 6c). Evol Dev. EH wrote the manuscript with input from MRS-V and IW. However, it has been questioned that slight histological differences between the two structures [11, 47, 49, 64, 69, 74] justify the definition as an independent element [21, 48]. We codified the onset of chondrification in ten bird species and in five species of non-avian sauropsids that serve for outgroup comparison (Fig. Ossification sequence of the avian order anseriformes, with comparison to other precocial birds. 7b and 12), had its origin in the anterior orbital cartilage (Melopsittacus [49]), formed from the trabeculae (Falco [48], Gallus [64]), or developed from the paranasal cartilage (Streptopelia [44]). 10b). Main steps of skeletal muscle development in the human - Mammalian skull heterochrony reveals modular evolution and a link between cranial development and brain size. The large range in the onset of chondrification reconstructed for the metotic cartilage is influenced by the condition coded for Struthio [25, 65] and Spheniscus [47], in which, respectively, the element chondrifies relatively late or relatively early (Fig. 2012; The Egyptian German Society for Zoology. Neognathae includes the monophyletic clade Galloanserae consisting of Anseriformes and Galliformes [107], sister group to Neoaves [108, 109]. Only in Falco [48], the interorbital fenestra was formed before the planum supraseptale appeared (Fig. It was described to emerge either from the dorsal edge of the trabecula communis (Gallus [64, 69], Euplectes [50], Melopsittacus [49, 51]), or as an outgrowth of the intertrabecula (Falco [48], Coturnix [75]). The suprapolar cartilage appears early in the chondrification sequence, around the time when the polar cartilages and the trabeculae chondrify. Reviewer: Abd El-Hady SI. J Morphol. The parietotectal cartilage and the planum antorbitale (Fig. Lutz H. Beitrag zur Stammesgeschichte der Ratiten: Vergleich zwischen Emu-Embryo und entsprechendem Carinatenstadium. J Morphol. Google Scholar. Galloanserae are characterized by fenestrations in the interorbital and nasal septum, as well as the presence of a basicranial fenestra. Frontiers in Zoology Development of the limbs thus proceed proximodistally. Sequentially, the dense fibrous tissue forms the articular cartilage that covers the ends of the adjacent bone primordia. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Ulbrich KP. Terminology of the processes of the trabecular-polar region and their presumed homology [25, 47, 48, 50, 64]. 22)|Kevin Killiany, The Seaman's Vade-mecum, And Defensive War By Sea: Containing The Proportions Of WebChondrocranium definition, a braincase composed of cartilage rather than bone, as the skull of sharks and of the vertebrate embryo before ossification. Weisbecker V, Mitgutsch C. A large-scale survey of heterochrony in anuran cranial ossification patterns. WebThe Development Of The Chondrocranium Of Gallus Gallus ( Advances In Anatomy, Embryology And Cell Biology)| Willie Vorster, The Memoirs Of General Turner Ashby And His Compeers|Rev. Rieppel O. The parachordal cartilage (Fig. The first pharyngeal arch undergoes intramembranous ossification to give rise to the: The dorsal tip of the mandibular process and the second pharyngeal arch undergo endochondral ossification to give rise to the malleus, the incus, and the stapes. 2017;19(1):1728. Development of the skeletal muscle involves the differentiation of myotome cells into myoblasts. 5) also contributes to the range of timing. 4), in whose posterior region the hypoglossal foramina (Fig. 6b). Anim Biol. Only in this group there is a stage in which an independent cartilaginous metotic cartilage occurs (Fig. Some chondrification events have not been described for certain species, resulting in gaps in the sequences shown. Bellairs A dA. The interorbital septum (Fig. Embryonic remnants of intercentra and cervical ribs in turtles. Wilson Bull. At puberty, five secondary ossification centers appear in the vertebrae: one at the tip of the spinous process, one at the tip of each transverse process, and one on both the superior and inferior rim of the vertebral body. 6c). 4). In the descriptions of the early stages, mesenchyme is often depicted together with cartilage in a uniform way, and only the occurrence of an element is mentioned instead of a precise description of its formation. By the eighth week, three primary ossification centers develop: one at the center of the cartilaginous vertebral body and one on each side of the cartilaginous vertebral arch. During early development of the chondrocranium, the chondrification sequence is similar among birds, with the exception of the cormorant, but differs from that of other reptiles. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.2008.00887.x. Some of the patterns may simply reflect missing information about species. 2014;95(3):35866. However, variation was found in all regions, though the sequence in the peri- and prechordal region in the base of the cranium is more conserved, and the last elements that chondrify are in all species the most anterior ones [24]. During the sixth gestational week, joints begin to develop with the formation of condensed mesenchyme in the interzone, the region between two bone primordia. Processes of the polar cartilage in a lateral view of Melopsittacus undulatus ([49], stage 4 mirrored). Part I. On the structure and development of the skull of the common fowl (Gallus domesticus). In Galloanserae, the trabecula communis was formed slightly later than in Neoaves (Fig. By using this website, you agree to our Further, we thank the anonymous reviewers for the useful suggestions to improve the manuscript. J Exp Biol. Parker WK. As development continues, the muscle cells become invested with the external laminae, segregating them from the surrounding connective tissue. At the posterior end, it merges continuously into the maxilloturbinal. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15697. In Spheniscus [47], the first procartilaginous sign in the metotic cartilage appeared at the same stage as the prechordal elements, which is early in the sequence compared to other birds. 4). The next elements of the nasal region that started to chondrify were the maxilloturbinal (Figs. In Phalacrocorax [61] and Spheniscus [47], the process was described as a prolongation of the trabecula communis. Birds have paedomorphic dinosaur skulls. Stellenbosch. In case of unresolved nodes of the tree, the ancestral state is reconstructed as uncertain and potential apomorphies of the ground pattern are shifted to more terminal nodes in the tree. Toerien MJ. Veit & Comp. The distinction between Palaeognathae and Neognathae is mainly based on the pterygoid-palate connection in the adult skull [26, 27]. 1959;104(2):269306. Summary. Development of the chondrocranium of two caiman species, Caiman latirostris and Caiman yacare. El-Toubi MR, Kamal AM. 1920;34:120243. In the embryonic cartilaginous skull, however, Palaeognathae and Neognathae cannot be distinguished from each other [28] as a robust criterion for comparing chondrocrania among species is lacking so far. The fully formed chondrocranium and the osteocranium of a late embryo. 11) is located between the nasal sacs in the nasal capsule (Fig. 6c). 4) constitutes the anterior portion of the basal plate between the parachordal cartilage and the trabeculae. https://doi.org/10.1111/azo.12260. Together with the pharyngeal skeleton, it comprises Continued proliferation of the chondrocytes in the growth plate is what allows the diaphysis to lengthen andthus what maintains the growth of bones. Front Zool 18, 21 (2021). 5). J Morphol. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11146. 13b, Table 4) and the atrioturbinal in the hoazin (Fig. From this point on, there are two ways osteogenesis can occur: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. Kuratani S. Development of the Chondrocranium of the loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta. 2019;69:11343. The deviation from the sequence in Falco [48] is most likely explained by the chondrification state of the basal plate in the first stage described (jungen Knorpel, i.e. 5, Table 2). 7d) followed the interorbital septum. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2010.00570.x. Tonkoff W. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Hhnerschdels. The tectum posterius was described to be well developed, while the tectum synoticum was incomplete, and still the possibility that the tectum posterius was a part of the tectum synoticum was not precluded. De Beer [11] stated that the formation of the septum is associated with the large size of the eyes. The skull can be divided in two parts: the neurocranium that forms a protective case around the brain, and the viscerocranium that forms the skeleton of the face. 1937;B107(2):22543. In Gallus, the differences in the described formation of the fenestra ovalis may have an influence on the sequence. J Zool Syst Evol Res. Fernandez Blanco MV. Birds exhibit an enormous diversity in adult skull shape (disparity), while their embryonic chondrocrania are considered to be conserved across species. 10b). Chondrocranial variation among birds is present but relates to developmental patterns rather than the presence or absence of specific elements. Terms and Conditions, Since he used mainly whole mounts, the applied method might be the reason for this difference. For the crocodile, de Beer and Barrington [46] mentioned that the infrapolar process and the basal plate do not connect. Acta Zool. Comparison of the chondrification sequence between different groups. The use of molecular markers and neural crest cells [82] can help provide answers to open questions, such as the presence of an intertrabecular. The effect of the methods was discussed almost from the earliest descriptions on [48, 64]. In limbs, myoblasts migrate to the limb buds and surround the primordial limb bones. In crocodilians without an intertrabecula, the fused anterior part of the trabeculae built the base of the interorbital septum (Melanosuchus [72]; Caiman [22]). The pila antotica was resorbed in ontogeny in Gallus [46, 69, 73], but the posterior orbital cartilage remained connected to the basal plate by the pila antotica spuria (Figs. In Falco [48], the planum supraseptale was described to form a discrete chondrification. On the structure and development of the skull in the ostrich tribe. Trans Linn Soc London. Malformations of the sternum include cleft sternum, pectus excavatum, and pectus carinatum. Posteriorly, it is continuously connected to the nasal septum.
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