High in he mountains, it was relatively safe from the power of the Philistines whose chariots were not very effective in mountainous terrain. The tribes east of Jordan, however, were still free, and David quickly tried to win their support (2:1-7). And David and all the house of Israel played before Jehovah on all manner of instruments made of fir wood, even on harps, and on psalteries, and on timbrels, and on cornets, and on cymbals. If you do not want that we track your visit to our site you can disable tracking in your browser here: We also use different external services like Google Webfonts, Google Maps, and external Video providers. The metropolis of the tribe of Judah, one of the richest regions in Judea. Building God's House ( 2 Samuel 7:1-29) 8. They wanted to avenge the killing of their brother Asahel. And the men of Judah came, and they anointed David king over the house of Judah. Nor need we wonder, because God in this too was thinking of Christ as King. And he said, Unto Hebron. So here's Abner with the men of Israel, young fellows, here's Joab from David, they're sitting by this pool, and they say, "How about having a little sport? The Gospels . David here stands as a solemn instance that he who is so quick to see sin in another may be utterly blind to his own grave and unjudged iniquity. Now Abner the son of Ner, and the servants of Ishbosheth the son of Saul, went out from Mahanaim to Gibeon. Top 5 Commentaries on the Books of 1 & 2 Samuel The books of Samuel deal in the broadest sense with the establishment of the monarchy in Israel in fulfillment of promises found within the Pentateuch. The mountains of Hebron were famed for fruits . It was not merely the general fact, but he was led in the way in each particular part as well as in the main. GenesisExodusLeviticusNumbersDeuteronomyJoshuaJudgesRuth1 Samuel2 Samuel1 Kings2 Kings1 Chronicles2 ChroniclesEzraNehemiahEstherJobPsalmsProverbsEcclesiastesSong of SongsIsaiahJeremiahLamentationsEzekielDanielHoseaJoelAmosObadiahJonahMicahNahumHabakkukZephaniahHaggaiZechariahMalachiMatthewMarkLukeJohnActsRomans1 Corinthians2 CorinthiansGalatiansEphesiansPhilippiansColossians1 Thessalonians2 Thessalonians1 Timothy2 TimothyTitusPhilemonHebrewsJames1 Peter2 Peter1 John2 John3 JohnJudeRevelation, Select a Beginning Point There were missing of Davids servants nineteen men and Asahel: 2 Samuel 2:17 told us Abner and the men of Israel were beaten before the servants of David, but this passage shows us just how badly they were beaten. The metropolis of the tribe of Judah, one of the richest regions in Judea. Observe here. And the time that David was king in Hebron over the house of Judah was seven years and six months." Then Abner and his men went on all that night through the plain, crossed over the Jordan, and went through all Bithron; and they came to Mahanaim. A certain man: At this strategic time and place, God began His plan as He almost always does with a person He will use. Instead, he carefully sought the LORD. Asahels burial, 2 Samuel 2:32. ", "Without doubt this portion [of 2 Samuel, i.e., chapters 2-8] forms the crux of the book. And what is it that we prove when we do? Hebron stood about 19 miles south-southwest of Jerusalem on the highest promontory in the Judean hill country. [He was just a great runner.] Here certainly David shows us this. Would you prayerfully consider a gift of support today? And David said, Where shall I go Lord? How long will it be then until you tell the people to return from pursuing their brethren? And Joab said, As God lives, unless you had spoken, surely then by morning all the people would have given up pursuing their brethren. So Joab blew a trumpet; and all the people stood still and did not pursue Israel anymore, nor did they fight anymore. Another Book told us of the Philistines doing so, and how God bore pitifully with these heathen who knew no better. (2 Samuel 10:1-19) This was completely misunderstood. a. Blue Letter Bible is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization Any other would have had himself introduced at once with a flourish of trumpets. You always can block or delete cookies by changing your browser settings and force blocking all cookies on this website. The king's place in Israel for all that was of no less, but rather of the deepest, interest and importance, and for this simple reason: had he gone right, all would have been right for and with the people. It is not want of knowledge that hinders souls from acting according to God: I speak now of the general rule. And hence it is that this book is in my judgment a very full and exact type in its grand features, without straining any part of it, or pretending that everything has an answer in the circumstances of that day. 1 And it came to pass after this, that David enquired of the LORD, saying, Shall I go up into any of the cities of Judah? There are many persons who suppose that, when the Lord returns, the fresh work of establishing Israel and of Himself as the true Christ in the rights of David's throne will be all brought about in a moment. Power is not in the truth simply. And Asahel was as fleet of foot as a wild gazelle. How true! ), still less in her value for Jehovah's relation to Israel as witnessed by the bringing of the ark to Zion. And is this the manner of man, O Lord Jehovah? Click to enable/disable Google reCaptcha. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Major Prophets ( 1 Samuel 2:1-2) Thanksgiving and praise. ["I'll remember this," David said.] And David brought up the men who were with him, every man with his household. the confession comes out, which must have been as true of the dead as of the living, that all through they knew well enough what the will of Jehovah was. Then Abner and his men went on all that night through the plain, crossed over the Jordan, and went through all Bithron; and they came to Mahanaim. And the sun was going down when they came to the hill of Ammah, which is before Giah by the road to the Wilderness of Gibeon. "And they brought the ark out of the house of Abinadab which was at Gibeah, accompanying the ark of God: and Ahio went before the ark. Did any one ever love Israel more than he did those in Babylon? It was at the time of fresh power and blessing to Israel where the name of Zion, as it were, gives character to the period, and the putting forth of divine power and goodness by David makes it an epoch in Israel. It is probable that this is the idea that commonly prevails among the mass of those persons who look for the Lord Jesus; but it is not sound, because it is not scriptural. Nevertheless, when it was painfully proved that David was but a sinful man, the bright promise of a better even of the Messiah shines through the dark patches of his history. This good use David made of his election, and so will all whom God has chosen. Our sin always gives the form of our chastening. It is this that really works so as to deliver from hindrances, and therefore it is of such importance to our souls that the affections should be strong and rightly set. David even then could feel hotly enough about evil. [He just kept right on his heels, just running after him, right on his heels.] Certainly so it was with king David, who hated any advantage taken even of his enemies. The Old Testament ", "After this David inquired of the Lord" (2Samuel 2:1). But now (2 Samuel 6:1-23) we have another and a totally different scene. Click to enable/disable essential site cookies. Ish-bosheth then reigned for a certain time. David inquired of the Lord By means of Abiathar the priest; for he did not know whether the different tribes were willing to receive him, though he was fully persuaded that God had appointed him king over Israel.. Unto Hebron. If you refuse cookies we will remove all set cookies in our domain. When God Rained on David's Parade ( 2 Samuel 6:1-23) 7. In the first negatively we have seen the idea coming to a close, because it was a king that Israel chose according to their own heart, although even there God held the reins, as He always does. II. The New Testament We must not so dote on the dead, how much soever we have valued them, as to neglect or despise the blessings we have in those that survive, whom God has raised up to us in their stead. But Abner the son of Ner, commander of Sauls army, took Ishbosheth the son of Saul and brought him over to Mahanaim; and he made him king over Gilead, over the Ashurites, over Jezreel, over Ephraim, over Benjamin, and over all Israel. He commends them for it, 2 Samuel 2:5; 2 Samuel 2:5. So it's important that we acknowledge the Lord in everything, and if we do, then God will direct our paths. The Supreme Court justices Florida Gov. These cookies are strictly necessary to provide you with services available through our website and to use some of its features. "And they dwelt in the towns of Hebron" (2Samuel 2:3). Abner . This is a reference to the suburbs of Hebron. Do not always trust people when they show indignation with vehemence. At any rate we see him in a most unhappy light on this occasion; for the result was that, in the conflict that ensued, Joab gains the day by treachery and violence, accomplishing by murder the downfall of those whom he too was desirous to see put out of his ambitious way. Thy hands were not bound, nor thy feet put into fetters: as a man falleth before wicked men, so fellest thou." So they sat down, one on one side of the pool and the other on the other side of the pool. John Gill's Exposition of the Bible is in the public domain and may be freely used and distributed. "Howbeit, because by this deed thou hast given great occasion to the enemies of Jehovah to blaspheme, the child also that is born unto thee shall surely die." So David went up there, and his two wives also, Ahinoam of Jezreel, and Abigail the widow of Nabal of Carmel. Still the great general principle that applied of old will apply yet more by and by. Yes, but what woman that day behaved less like it? But soon we find Abner and Joab coming into opposition and collision. Luke-Acts Waiting on the Lord ( 2 Samuel 2:1-5:5) 5. How then could I face your brother Joab? However, he refused to turn aside. Joab had two notable brothers: Abishai and Asahel. And David commanded his young men, and they slew them.". This is grace, and such is precisely therefore the picture of the stage at which Zion comes before us in Jewish history. GenesisExodusLeviticusNumbersDeuteronomyJoshuaJudgesRuth1 Samuel2 Samuel1 Kings2 Kings1 Chronicles2 ChroniclesEzraNehemiahEstherJobPsalmsProverbsEcclesiastesSong of SongsIsaiahJeremiahLamentationsEzekielDanielHoseaJoelAmosObadiahJonahMicahNahumHabakkukZephaniahHaggaiZechariahMalachiMatthewMarkLukeJohnActsRomans1 Corinthians2 CorinthiansGalatiansEphesiansPhilippiansColossians1 Thessalonians2 Thessalonians1 Timothy2 TimothyTitusPhilemonHebrewsJames1 Peter2 Peter1 John2 John3 JohnJudeRevelation. Therefore Abner struck him in the stomach with the blunt end of the spear, so that the spear came out of his back; and he fell down there and died on the spot. We may request cookies to be set on your device. But David grew stronger and stronger, and the house of Saul grew weaker and weaker. They drove the new cart for a time without a sign of His displeasure. There he had been for over a year, during which he had won the regard of Achish, the Philistine king of Gath. 1. Yet out of trust in the LORD and respect for Sauls memory, David waited. Although the pretender might be exceedingly vexatious, and an injury to the people too, nevertheless violent methods would have ill become the king that God had chosen in grace. David therefore leaves all with Him. c. Joab blew a trumpet; and all the people stood still: Joab agreed to this cease-fire, probably to both rest his exhausted army and to of avoid a long, bloody civil war. He consequently was the one who could use that throne in his measure for Jehovah's glory. But the house of Judah followed David. He wanted God to use him most effectively, so he allowed God to place him in that spot. The mountains of Hebron were famed for fruits, herbage, and honey; and many parts were well adapted for vines, olives, and different kinds of grain, abounding in springs of excellent water, as the most accurate travellers have asserted. The direction he sought and had from God in this critical juncture, 2 Samuel 2:1; 2 Samuel 2:1. b. Asahel pursued Abner: In the pressure and confusion of battle, Asahel got close enough to Abner, the commander of Ishbosheths armies. i. Such was the fate of Saul and his house: what of the people? In all our motions and removals it is comfortable to see God going before us; and we may, if by faith and prayer we set him before us. iv. Ron DeSantis admires are more extreme than those former President Donald Trump appointed, argues Duncan Hosie. His outstanding addition to the New American Commentary series is worth adding to anyone's library . These cookies collect information that is used either in aggregate form to help us understand how our website is being used or how effective our marketing campaigns are, or to help us customize our website and application for you in order to enhance your experience. 2 So David went up there with his two wives, Ahinoam of Jezreel and Abigail, the widow of Nabal of Carmel. This didnt make much sense to Asahel because it seemed that Abner was at the disadvantage. He would've said, "No stay out of there, there's problems in there." "And David said unto Michal, It was before Jehovah, which chose me before thy father, and before all his house, to appoint me ruler over the people of Jehovah, over Israel: therefore will I play before Jehovah." GenesisExodusLeviticusNumbersDeuteronomyJoshuaJudgesRuth1 Samuel2 Samuel1 Kings2 Kings1 Chronicles2 ChroniclesEzraNehemiahEstherJobPsalmsProverbsEcclesiastesSong of SongsIsaiahJeremiahLamentationsEzekielDanielHoseaJoelAmosObadiahJonahMicahNahumHabakkukZephaniahHaggaiZechariahMalachiMatthewMarkLukeJohnActsRomans1 Corinthians2 CorinthiansGalatiansEphesiansPhilippiansColossians1 Thessalonians2 Thessalonians1 Timothy2 TimothyTitusPhilemonHebrewsJames1 Peter2 Peter1 John2 John3 JohnJudeRevelation, Select an Ending Point Such is the case where Satan governs, even though there may be the form of the kingdom of God It was exactly so under Saul. Matthew Henry's Commentary - 2 Samuel Resources Matthew Henry's Commentary 2 Samuel 2 Samuel Chapter 1 Verses 1-10 Verses 11-16 Verses 17-27 Chapter 2 Verses 1-7 Verses 8-17 Verses 18-24 Verses 25-32 Chapter 3 Verses 1-6 Verses 7-21 Verses 22-39 Chapter 4 Verses 1-8 Verses 9-12 Chapter 5 Verses 1-5 Verses 6-10 Verses 11-16 Verses 17-25 Chapter 6 "And all the people wept again over him. 2022 TheEnduring WordBible Commentary by David Guzik ewm@enduringword.com. The fall of king Saul in David's circle was a sorrow, and to himself a genuine one, as the Amalekite learnt to his cost; for he, judging simply from the feelings of the natural man, supposed that more welcome news could not be to the man designated for the kingdom. (1 Samuel 9:2). Matthew Henry :: Commentary on 1 Samuel 2 Chapter 2 In this chapter we have, I. Hannah's song of thanksgiving to God for his favour to her in giving her Samuel ( v. 1-10 ). 3 And his men that were with him did David bring up, every man with his household: and they dwelt in the cities of Hebron. And the Lord said to him, "Go up." of Scripture. When souls are brought out of hindrances, when they are brought out of a false position, there is many a confession made which shows that the truth had pierced their consciences long before: only will, the world, the difficulties of family connection, a thousand snares, hindered fidelity to the Lord. Note that blocking some types of cookies may impact your experience on our websites and the services we are able to offer. Something of this sort you may trace running through all scripture. of the Philistine town of Gath. We have seen the type of the true king in anything but a kingly place the outcast most hated and feared by the king who then was in all the group of outcasts who surrounded him; for David was beyond doubt the one who, if he cast a halo around all, continually brought them all into danger. You can also change some of your preferences. Please be aware that this might heavily reduce the functionality and appearance of our site. For instance, let us take the account that is given in the prophecy of Isaiah, where the Lord Jesus is seen returning from Bozrah. This was an ideal place for the location of David's capital at that time. It He desired for Jehovah's habitation. (2 Samuel 2:8-11) Abner sets up Ishbosheth as king over Israel. GenesisExodusLeviticusNumbersDeuteronomyJoshuaJudgesRuth1 Samuel2 Samuel1 Kings2 Kings1 Chronicles2 ChroniclesEzraNehemiahEstherJobPsalmsProverbsEcclesiastesSong of SongsIsaiahJeremiahLamentationsEzekielDanielHoseaJoelAmosObadiahJonahMicahNahumHabakkukZephaniahHaggaiZechariahMalachiMatthewMarkLukeJohnActsRomans1 Corinthians2 CorinthiansGalatiansEphesiansPhilippiansColossians1 Thessalonians2 Thessalonians1 Timothy2 TimothyTitusPhilemonHebrewsJames1 Peter2 Peter1 John2 John3 JohnJudeRevelation, Select an Ending Point He well knew that he was anointed, but he will not take a step without Jehovah. We have already seen that in Saul's case this entirely failed; for God forsook him, when morally obliged to become the enemy of one who, despising His will and word, at last betook himself to the power of evil to enlighten and sustain him when consciously forsaken of God. "And David arose, and went with all the people that were with him from Baale of Judah, to bring up from thence the ark of God." For all the people and all Israel understood that day that it was not of the king to slay Abner the son of Ner.". c. He made him king: Abner made Ishbosheth king, probably so that he could be the real power behind the throne of a weak king. But this will always prompt you to accept/refuse cookies when revisiting our site. And David, instead of judging himself, instead of looking back and confessing how completely they had all acted without the guidance of Jehovah, was displeased because Jehovah had made a breach upon Uzzah. It was evident that even the enemy knew it. It began when God first chose David and withdrew His Spirit from Saul (1 Samuel 16:13-14). That is, the place was so excessively strong by nature, perhaps also so fortified by the men of Jebus, that they had conceived it to be impregnable. Additionally, it was a productive and very fruitful area and one of the major cities of Judah. . Why, methought she was now David's wife. However, Joab in his heart carried that desire for vengeance against Abner. And he said, "To Hebron." Check to enable permanent hiding of message bar and refuse all cookies if you do not opt in. Because these cookies are strictly necessary to deliver the website, refusing them will have impact how our site functions. The New Testament As its type, the second Book of Samuel is most valuable as showing that the grand distinctive principles which will exist under Christ were manifested in David. Historical Books It was certainly to his advantage to give peace a chance. Here was the home and the throne of David for the next seven and a half years (2Samuel 2:11; 2Samuel 5:5). You can also change some of your preferences. The prophet is as much dependent on God for light as any other person, and it is an instructive thing that we should have the mistakes of a prophet, or it may be of a greater than the prophet: I speak of course even of an apostle himself; and, without entering on doubtful points, I do say it is perfectly certain that, great as was the apostle Peter, he made not only mistakes, but some of the most serious kind. Hannah kept her promise to God and put Samuel in place to follow the call God had for him. You can copy the order of your preferred Bible translations from the Bibles Tab to the Version Picker (this popup) or vice versa. And the Philistines came up yet again." And the men of Judah came, and there they anointed David king over the house of Judah. This is admirable. Not really ruling you know, but just taking orders from those that control the things.Now Ishbosheth was forty years old when he began to reign. "Ye daughters of Israel, weep over Saul" ( 2 Samuel 1:24 ). These two years showed remarkable patience, longsuffering, and trust in God on Davids part. Zion, in short, becomes a new name of the deepest moment the sign of divine grace in royalty the grace that took up the people in their lowest condition, and by that man whom God employed raised them up step by step to such a place of power and blessing and glory as never was before and never can be again till Jesus come and make this very Zion the centre of His earthly government with the blessing and glory due to His name. And as the ark of Jehovah came into the city of David, Michal Saul's daughter looked through a window, and saw king David leaping and dancing before Jehovah; and she despised him in her heart." And David did so, as Jehovah had commanded him; and smote the Philistines from Geba until thou come to Gazer.". This then is the great truth which is shadowed out by the throne of Jehovah in the midst of Israel; and this we shall see illustrated yet more in the Second Book of Samuel than in the first. The fact was that they couldnt just get along, and that there could be no peace between the rightful king, David, and the pretender to the throne, Ishbosheth. Here again we see, whatever may have been the sin of gaining her as the king did, the sovereign grace of God did not blot out the tie that was formed, but deigned out of that connection, when the sin was thoroughly detected and judged, to raise up the chosen son of David, who sets aside the others that might have pleaded a prior claim after the flesh. It is to be feared that a principle of nobler, of less selfish, character never wrought in Joab. Yet there was one person who had no sympathy with the festive joy of that great day in Israel, one soul who was as displeased with David now as he himself had once been with Jehovah. And this furnishes opportunity for another truth of some importance: even our blessed Lord Jesus will not take the entire kingdom all at once. 1. "I will raise up evil against thee out of thine own house, and I will take thy wives before thine eyes, and give them unto thy neighbour." His heart was ensnared, and sin soon followed the gravest sin, more particularly in such a one as David. It made David nothing; but for this very reason David's heart just forgets himself, and there is no true dignity that is not founded on self-forgetfulness. And all the people took notice of it, and it pleased them: as whatsoever the king did pleased the people. Joab and Abishai also pursued Abner. The power of the throne of David was firmly settled everywhere. There was a long war between the house of Saul and the house of David: This shows how wrong it was for Joab to accept Abners appeal for a cease-fire at the battle of The Field of Sharp Swords. Blue Letter Bible study tools make reading, searching and studying the Bible easy and rewarding. Because these cookies are strictly necessary to deliver the website, refusing them will have impact how our site functions. Now the three sons of Zeruiah were there: Joab and Abishai and Asahel. And the anger of Jehovah was kindled against Uzzah; and God smote him there for his error; and there he died by the ark of God." Semi-technical. And what one nation in the earth is like thy people, even like Israel?" And David said on that day, Whosoever getteth up to the gutter, and smiteth the Jebusites, and the lame and the blind, that are hated of David's soul, he shall be chief and captain." Nearness to God was greater in David's eyes at that moment than the throne that God had given him; and David rightly judged. He shall build an house for my name, and I will stablish the throne of his kingdom for ever. Now the three sons of Zeruiah were there: Joab and Abishai and Asahel. Was this again something new? And this is the more striking, because that outward order was never to be disrespected. The Philistines now controlled much of Israels territory west of Jordan (see 1 Samuel 31:7). But David grew stronger and stronger, and the house of Saul grew weaker and weaker. Thus "David took him more concubines and wives out of Jerusalem, after he was come from Hebron: and there were yet sons and daughters born to David. There was no confidence in his own powers, no presuming on past victories as easy a thing to slip into as it is dangerous. You might also suggest the project to your Sunday school class or Bible study group. "So Mephibosheth dwelt in Jerusalem: for he did eat continually at the king's table; and was lame on both his feet.". that afflictions "spring from the dust?" It is clear that David was now enjoying in the very fullest sense the grace of God toward Israel and himself. And they told David, saying, The men of Jabesh Gilead were the ones who buried Saul. So David sent messengers to the men of Jabesh Gilead, and said to them, You are blessed of the LORD, for you have shown this kindness to your lord, to Saul, and have buried him. And he said, unto Hebron; a city of the priests, a city of refuge, Joshua 21:13, twenty miles from Jerusalem, or more, which is not directed to, because it was then chiefly in the hands of the Jebusites, and because, as Procopius Gazaeus says, Hebron was now the metropolis of Judah. But whether one look at Moses or David or Daniel, at the beginning or middle or end, after all the Lord is the same yesterday and today and for ever; and the effect is the same in the heart of those that love Him. Jonathan was Davids deep friend and partner in serving God. Since these providers may collect personal data like your IP address we allow you to block them here. Two Bald Men, Fighting Over a Comb ( 2 Samuel 2:1 --3:39) 4. Yet, Asahel refused to turn aside. With their weapons they took a great toll of the enemy; they were swifter than eagles, stronger than lions. b. Shall I go up to any of the cities of Judah: At this time David was still in Ziklag, in the territory of the Philistines. The care he took of his family and friends in his removal to Hebron. There will be a settlement of all morally, according to God, in the hearts of Israel Judah first, and the ten tribes afterwards. The respectful message he sent to the men of Jabesh-Gilead, to return them thanks for their kindness to Saul. Why did You allow me get in this place?" Since the text and audio content provided by BLB represent a His enquiry was, Shall I go up to any of the cities of Judah? So Ishbosheth Saul's son was forty years old when he began to reign over Israel, and he reigned for two years. The following cookies are also needed - You can choose if you want to allow them: You can read about our cookies and privacy settings in detail on our Privacy Policy Page. The increase of their family ( v. 21 ). Asahel pursueth Abner, and is slain by him, 2 Samuel 2:18-24. "After this David inquired of the Lord, "Shall I go up into any of the cities of Judah"? We use cookies to let us know when you visit our websites, how you interact with us, to enrich your user experience, and to customize your relationship with our website. On his own showing therefore he fell, and fell too judicially under David's orders. There are two mountains that have a place proper to them the mount of law and the mount of grace. 1-4: 5-10: 11-20: 21-24: 1-11: 12-22: 1-17: . Our website uses cookies to store user preferences. The next chapter (2 Samuel 11:1-27) introduces the first dark shade since David came to the throne. Were they Philistines? And now may the LORD show kindness and truth to you. c. David grew stronger and stronger: The increasing strength of David and increasing weakness of Sauls house did not begin when Saul died. And when he had gathered all the people together, there were missing of Davids servants nineteen men and Asahel. Thus they were made, not only to spread far, but to continue long, from generation to generation. Here comes in contrast, as before there was analogy, the one or the other characterising God's ways, as each would mark most impressively the deceitfulness of sin for man, and God's eternal abhorrence of it. The Blue Letter Bible ministry and the BLB Institute hold to the historical, And David said, Whither shall I go up?" Some of us are apt to think that, because this is a holy place, and because it is a holy work, and because we are by the grace of God "holy brethren, partakers of the heavenly calling," we may enter into it as a matter of course. "Know ye not that there is a prince and a great man fallen this day in Israel? If only we could preserve some rights; if only we could have at least part of our own way; if only we could keep this or that at any cost! Abner first asked Asahel to turn back out of concern for his own safety. 2. It was the translators of the Septuagint (Greek translation of the OT at about 200 BC) who separated the book into two parts. Well just make the Philistines mad, they thought. It is indeed the most characteristic spot in the whole earth as the sign of grace.
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